Language: JPN
Abstract: It has gradually been recognized that the juvenile should be treated differently from the adult in the criminal justice system. This recognition gave birth to juvenile court movement at the beginning of 20th century. Juvenile court and juvenile law made substancial, not only normative, solutions possible to the problems of juveniles involved in the criminal justice system. But these innovations have been accompanied with negative phenomena, for example expanded interventions by the state powers. In Japan, juvenile law achieved the standard of the world relating juvenile laws by the enactment of the present law in 1948. Family court has juris diction over juvenile cases. The court attempts to solve juvenile problems individually and substancially. It proposes policies in such fields of education, child welfare, police and public prosecution. It has assistant organs of its own, which are agents called investigators of family court. Activities of family court investigators to enhance welfare of children and juveniles is called "judicial welfare." The concept of "judicial welfare" demands scientific ability of the staff who apply the juvenile law. On the other hand, an objective of judicial "welfare" appeals to competent persons who have scientific ability. Secondly ability of fact-finding is necessary for "judicial welfare." Satisfaction of the abovementioned conditions will combine judicial functions with the functions of welfare of juvenile justice, and will upgrade the juvenile justice on to the higher level.

Kaneto,Yoshiichi 1981 Welfare Approach to Delinquency (I Criminal Justice, Welfare and Education). No.6 pp.15-33.

Language: JPN
Abstract: It is said that poverty, disease and delinquency are the three main objects of social welfare. Actually, poverty and disease are the issues covered by the public support under the applications of the Daily Life Protection Law and other related welfare laws. As for delinquency, the purpose of Juvenile Law is not to punish the juvenile delinquents but to reform them with their own mental and physical capacity. As one of the educational measures, Juvenile Law establishes Homes for Juvenile Training and Education and Protective Facility, both as child welfare agencies, and provides procedures which relate with the Child Welfare Law and other laws relating with child welfare. Originally speaking, it has been said that the existing juvenile law has dual aspects. The aspect of the Criminal Special Law, and the aspect of Social Welfare Law which is similar to the Child Welfare Law. As a practical question, however, when we are asked whether the delinquency is given the legitimate position as a target of welfare only, we can not give native, affirmative answer. In recent years in particular, the controversy relating to the introduction of the due process of law to more guarantee the human rights as a stated objective, has more emphasized the character of the Juvenile Law as the Criminal Special Law, and has degraded the other characters as a welfare law. After all, it is a problem from which aspect and how we look at juvenile delinquency. In this monograph, the writer defined delinquency as one of the social pathological phenomena, and at first confirmed that delinquency is in the range of the subjects of social welfare through the welfare approach to the phenomena. Then, he identified the social causal factors which drive teenagers into delinquency through the welfare approach to the causes of delinquency, and lastly evidenced how necessary and effective the social welfare approaches are in preventing juvenile delinquency, and in the sound upbringing of juveniles and children.

Yamaguchi,Tohru 1981 Pathology of School Education and Deviant Behavior (I Criminal Justice, Welfare and Education). No.6 pp.34-52.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Nowadays, there have occurred so much violence in schools. Why do such violent cases occur in schools, places to educate the youth and the children? We want to approach to the problem from the perspective of educational pathology. We think there are educational problems in three levels: First, the conditions in the society which exert adverse effects on schools; second, the problems in schools affected by the social conditions; third, pupils' deviant behaviors resulting from the problems in schools. The first pathology is found in the general trends of the society to seek higher academic career. The second pathology is the problems existing in schools, such as the drawbacks of too much intellectual training, the problems which accompany the entrance examination systems to higher schools, and the non-educational relationships between teachers and pupils. The third is such deviant behaviors as pupils' dislike for study, refusal to go to school, truancy, and violence in schools. Thus, the first is causal pathology in education, the second is the results of the first pathology and causal pathology as well, and the third is the resultant pathology. Since violent cases in schools may be due to problematic tendencies in the society and to the pathological problems in schools, it is necessary to reexamine how to more successfully educate pupils in schools.

Ohashi,Kaoru 1981 Socio-pathological Approach to the Study of Crime : Social Pathology as a Means (II Crime and Social Pathology). No.6 pp.54-72.

Language: JPN
Abstract: More than 80 years have passed since Paul von Lilienfeld, a Russian sociologist, published "La Pathologie Sociale" in 1896. He defined social Pathology as a science where "We study social abnormality inductively." His definition has traditionally been the key point of view of the Social Pathology. Social Pathology had flourished in America, not in Europe, and had to a great degree been conducive to the studies of social problems, such as crime and delinquency, suicide, divorce, etc. But the term Social Pathology was replaced by the term Deviant Behavior in American sociology, because of its etymology that Social Pathology was based on outdated Social Organism, the ambiguity of the concept, the theoretical weakness, etc. I do not admit any positive meaning in that change of the term. In Japan, it seems to me that Social Pathology has got firm status both in the academic world and in the journalism, and has been expected to contribute to the explanations of a variety of social problem, especially in modern societies. But it is not enough for Social Pathology to be based only on the view point of social abnormality (or deviance). Social abnormality is almost always connected with social dysfunction which is more essential to social problems. Therefore, we have to study social problems from both points of view - social abnormality and social dysfunction. That is why I bring forward "Social Pathology as a Means."

Shikata,Hisao 1981 The Essence of Criminal Behavior (II Crime and Social Pathology). No.6 pp.73-97.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This report is one of the attempts to organize a working hypothesis on the knowledge of the criminal behavior. The crime phenomenon is the socio-cultural phenomenon. The conception of crime is rather relative. There are differences in the concept of crime depending upon the time and the customs of the given community and society. All of Eenders are persons. There are no differences between a criminal behavior and a normal person's behavior from biological points of view. The criminal behavior is an unlawful act and violates the customs of the normal life. There are two factors in the control of criminal behaviors. The first are the directive factors which enfeeble self-control. The second are the indirective factors which enfeeble social control. The former factors are induced by the inherited and acquired physiological handicaps and physical diseases, etc. The latter factors consist of the pathological societies, defects in the economic orders, community disorganization, changing customs and group conflicts, inadequate educational activities, etc. Causes of crime are very complicated. The criminal behavior results from the interactions between the particular constituted personality and the particular environment. Causes of crime are within the scope of the individual consciousness. In other words, it is the matter of his self-control when he behaves. It is not until the judge labels his act as a crime that he becomes an offender. The judgement of the court decides whether he becomes an offender or not.

Nakagawa,Nobutoshi 1981 Reference Group and Control Theory of Deviant Behavior. No.6 pp.100-121.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Strain theory (anomie theory) and deviant subculture theory are both motivational theory in the sense that both theories focus on the formation of motivation (or inclination) toward deviance in explaining the causes of deviant behaviors. In contrast, control theory, which has been developed as control theory of delinquency by Briar and Pilliavin, and Hirschi, and as deterrence theory by Tittle and Gibbs, among others, explains deviant behaviors by the lack of control. An individual's internal control over his inclinations toward deviance can be conceptualled as his normative reference relationships with others. Employing Kelman's typology of interpersonal influence, Schmitt presents three types of normative reference relationships: compliance normative reference relationship, identification normative reference relationship, and internalization normative reference relationship. All three types of relationships are relevant to the explanations of an individual's internal control process. Compliance occurs when an individual percieves other's possible rewards and sanctions (punishments) significant and conforms to others' normative opinions. Identification occurs when he percieves a "self-defining" relationship with others as desirable and accepts other's normative opinions. Internalization occurs when he integrates other's normative opinions into his own value system. This paper describes internal control mechanism and contingencies of the control for each type of the relationships. Then, the basic proposition of control theory is refotmulated as follows: the more (any or all types) of normative reference relationships an individual has with others, and the larger the strength of the relationship(s) is, the less he is likely to deviate from the others' behavioral standards. Finally, the paper briefly discusses cultural and socio-structural factors which influence the formation and maintenance of the three types of control, and, also presents an attempt to apply the typology of the control to differential association theory.

Abe,Tetsuo 1981 A Study on Labeling-Theory in the West Germany : Bibliographical Sketch. No.6 pp.122-146.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Today, criminology and sociological criminology in our country pay attention to "labeling approach" as a new perspective. Some of the so-called "traditional (main-stream, conservative)" criminologists are susceptible to this approach, probably because it is not yet a theory but a scientific perspective. Labeling approach has been introduced into Japan mainly with the analysis of its appearance in U. S. A, but infact labeling approach has been discussed in the West Germany as extensively as in U. S. A. Since Fritz Sack adovocated new perspective in the W-Germany in 1968, K. D. Opp, G. Kaiser and other theorists have disputed about this approach. Some have supported it and others have had more critical views. AJK (Arbeitskreis Junger Kriminologen) has frequently held symposiums in Bielefeld which attracted many young criminologists. These circumstances and the related information are in the "Kriminologisches Journal", which is the organ of AJK. Now, the obiect of this paper is to present a biblio-graphical bird's-eye view of how the labeling approach has developed in the West Germany and how it has influenced traditional criminology. Therefore, this paper cites and introduces a number of works. In conclusion, this sketch I hope gives us the full picture of labeling approach arid labeling studies in the West Germany. Nevertheless, I fear that this paper does not discuss individual problems (about police, procecution and the court etc.) to the full. We must note the efforts of researches and studies about "Sozial-Kontrolle-Instanz" and dark number studies there. In Japan, we will have to more study how the process of criminalization is in the series of our criminal justice systems and how "Selektive Sanktion" is secured.

Kuwahara,Yohko 1981 The Relationship between Juvenile Delinquency and the Working Couple. No.6 pp.147-165.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This article reports on the relationship between juvenile delinquency and the family in which both husband and wife work. It is written from the working mothers' points of view. There have been varied arguments presented about this problem since 1965 or so. In our country, the number of working women has increased rapidly in these years. At the same time, a number of children found new forms of independence and frequntly got into trouble. It was then claimed that the increasing number of married women in the labour force had contributed to the increase of juvenile delinquency. This view originated from the following two view points. The first point is the prevailing maxim of "Children First" and another is the traditional ideology of Japanese women's sexual roles. These basic view points must be reconsidered when we discuss the relationships between juvenile delinquency and working mothers. In recent yeard, married women's occupational brackets have graduately changed from non-professional to more professional ones. Here we classify working mothers into three types: Mothers Working for economic reasons, mothers working to enjoy their leisure activities and to purchase more luxury, and mothers working in professions. Formerly, the first type was perceived as more important in relation to juvenile delinquency. Recently, however, the second and the third types of working mothers have become more important than ever. This is because of the fact that, there is not such strong relationships between juvenile delinquency and poverty in the present society. The second and the third types of working mothers can quit their jobs. In other words,from the economic points of view, these working mothers can stop their occupations if they want to. Therefore, when the public opinion claims that working mothers are the main causal factor of juvenile delinquency, they have to face the question of "to continue or not to continue my work ?" This article criticizes this public opinion and at the same time points out that working mothers are not the causes of juvenile delinquency by referring to foreign research studies. Instead, the fathers' attitudes toward their wives and children and the family conflicts are the sources of juvenile delinquency. Thus, this paper intends to conclude that increasing juvenile delinquency depends on the father's role in the family in which husband and wife both work.

Tsubouchi,K. 1981 The Contributions and Issues of Criminal Psychology in Collectional Institutions. No.6 pp.166-173.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Hagiwara,Y. 1981 The Trends of Criminological Studies in Italy. No.6 pp.174-177.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Tamura,Masayuki 1982 Methamphetamine Epidemic and Law Enforcement (I Trend of Stimulant Drug Offenders and their Treatment). No.7 pp.4-32.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Under the theme of the impact of law enforcement efforts on Methamphetamine epidemic in Japan, "Philopon age" (1945�`1955) - Philopon is one of the brand names of methamphetamine in that period - and "Shabu age" (1970�`today) - Shabu is a slang for stimulants - were analysed. On the analysis of "Philopon age", Law enforcement efforts, which became stricter gradually with the impositions of the Drug, Cosmetics and Medical Instrument Law (1948), the Stimulant Drug Control Law (1951) and partially amended Stimulant Drug Control Law (1954, 1955), were traced and those impacts on users were considered. After this, Brill, H. and Hirose, T. (1971)'s hypotheses on drug epidemic were discussed on the basis of plesent data. On the today's "Shabu epidemic", this paper analysed illicit stimulant distribution systems and discussed the dealer's responses to the threat of arrest and imprisonment under the strong police pressure. The structure of the systems and the dealers' behavior in Japan were very similar to those of New York described by Moore, M. H. (1977) with the exception of some indications, that were centralization at high levels in the distribution system, preferences for socially disorganized areas and corruption of enforcement agencies to purchase indulgence for acts.

Kashikuma,Michiko 1982 A Study on Stimulant Drug Offences of Juveniles (I Trend of Stimulant Drug Offenders and their Treatment). No.7 pp.33-54.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This report is an analysis of the statistical data and a case study on stimulant drug offences committed by juvenjils. From analysis of the statistical data on the stimulant drug cases referred to Tokyo Family Court, and from the case study of two juveniles who habitually used stimulant drugs, following characteristics were found among these juveniles. 1. They can not control effectively their passion, and 2. They are socially imnature. There is a problem of parents-children behind these characteristics. Because of this problem, these juveniles have difficulties at school and at their working places. It is evident that the habitual usage of the drugs brought about keeping irregular hours which was a cause to quit school and a job. It was also proved that the drug abuse triggered bad companionship such as members of gangster groups and other addicts, and that drug abuse promoted escape from his real life for searching pleasure. Drug abuse offence has close relation with activities of gangster groups which have influence on the market and have intention to enlarge it. It is easily understood that juveniles who are curious about everything and can not control themselves can be victimized. Therefore, it is important to understand the drug problem not merely as a personal problem but also as a social problem.

Koyanagi,Takeshi 1982 Pattern Analysis for Treatment of Prisoners. Convicted of Stimulant Drug (I Trend of Stimulant Drug Offenders and their Treatment). No.7 pp.55-71.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Nowadays, stimulant drug abuse is one of serious social problems in our country. This article reports on the treatment of stimulant drug addicts in a correctional institution on the basis of result of survey on their actual conditions. The prevalence of stimulant drug abuse in recent years is caused by (1) the fact that many addicts lack understanding on its bad effect, (2) that stimulant drug instantly gives addicts agreeable feeling, and (3) that the addict does not have crimirial feeling since it is a victimless crime. According to the result of the survey addicts were categorized into following three types. The first type: They had already committed another crimes before they abused the drug. And generally their criminality is high level. Most of them belong to a racketeers group. Treatment methods for first type are to arrange their company, to keep relationship with their family, and to make understanding about the bad effect of the drug. The second type: Most of them are drivers of bartenders. They abuse it for enduring all night work. Their crimiriality is not high, but their view on a job is biased. Treatment methodd for the second type are to give vocational training, to develop their regular habits, and to change their view on a job. The third type: They have had some troubles such as insolvency, unemployment, family complication and so on before they have abused. And they have lost their aspiration for life. Sometimes they don't know what to do. Consequently, they have abused the stimulant drug in order to look for some excitment. Treatment methods for third type are to arrange relationship with family, to notice that stimulant drug abuse is heavy crime, to rouse volition of work.

Enomoto,Masaya 1982 Supervising the Stimulant Addict on Probation (I Trend of Stimulant Drug Offenders and their Treatment). No.7 pp.72-92.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Many probation officers feel that a stimulant addict case is a "hard-core". An addicts recidivism rate is very high and the appropriate rieasure of intervention is not developed yet. In this situation, the probation officer adopts the clinical model, in which treatment is based on an understanding of the nature of addicts' psychological needs. But, many researches have proved that there are little relation between stimulant abuse and personality traits of addicts. The stimulant addiction is rather a parasitic subcultural form of antisocial behavior and is the result of interaction with "YAKUZA-like" peer group. Therefore, they could be best understood through an examination of the interaction process. It was found that the addiction functions not only as a factor for personal disorganization of the clients but also brings about the social disorganhation as a result of their dysfunctionitigs in life: And their conditions of social and economic life are poor, hence they have little power to solve their disability by themselves. Therefore, the treatment must be organized for helping them to understand the mechanism of antisocial culture which has broken their life and to help them to overcome the present crisis. The obstacles for fulfilling the effective treatment are not limited to the abovementioned; i.e., the helping institution of probation agency has financial problems; many people pay little attention to it. In addition, there are institutional problems which have great influence on the effects of clinical intervention. They are, for example, a conflict between surveillance and helping, the vagueness of the treatment goal and the method of case supervision. In order to increase the effectiveness of probation work on stimulant addicts, the function of the institution must be reexamined.

Miyazawa,Koichi 1982 Rechtssoziologie der Strafgesetzgebung (II Sociology on Legislation Process). No.7 pp.94-109.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Der vorliegende Aufsatz besteht aus zwei Teilen: Im ersten Tei; versucht der Verfasser zu erklaren, warum man sich in den letzten lO Jahren in den westeuropaischen, insbesondere in den deutschsprachigen Landern, mit den Problemen der (Straf-) Gesetzgebung mit Hilfe der rechts- bzw. kriminal-soziologischen Analyse auseinandersetzt. Wegen der bestehenden Gesetzesflut (Herbert Schambeck) bzw. Gesetzesinflation (Karl Huber) ist es selbst fur Juristen schwer geworden, das Gesetzesgefuge als Ganzes zu uberschauen. Es bedarf hier der systematischen Erfassung des Gesetzesbestandes mit Hilfe der Rechtsinformatik (Jurgen Rodig). Angesichts der tatsachlichen Situation der Gesetzgebungsprozesse, d. h. der Gesetzesformulierung nicht von Seiten der Abgeordneten = Volksvertreter, sondem von Seiten der Staatselite in den Ministerien (von den hohen Beamten in den Verwaltungs-behorden) kann man die Krise der parlamentarischen Demokratie ahnen. Unter diesen Umstanden betreibt man das vergleichende Studium der auslandischen Gesetzgebungssysteme, namlich wie man sich in den einzelnen Landern um die Aufnahme der offentlichen Meinung in die Gesetzgebung bemuht. Hierzu verweist der Verfasser auf die vor kurzem erschienene diesbezugliche Literatur. Im zweiten Teil berichtet der Verfasser uber den gegenwdragen Stand der Mitwirkung von Rechts- bzw. Kriminalsoziologen in Japan bei dem Zustandekommen von Strafgesetzen, indem er auf Grund seiner bisherigen personlichen Erfahrungen als Mitglied in Reformkommissionen (Reform des Strafgesetzes: 1965�`1972; Reform des Jugendgesetzes: 1970�`1973; Reform des Strafvollzugsgesetzes: 1976�`1980) diese Problematik aufzeigt.

Murakami,Naoyuki 1982 The Social Formation of the Law : A case study of the revision of Mental Health Act (II Sociology on Legislation Process). No.7 pp.110-134.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The so-called Reischauer's Incident, in which Professor Edwin O. Reischauer, the then U. S. Ambassador, was attacked by a Japanese "schizo-pluenic" youth in 24 March 1964 accelerated the revision of Mental Health Act in Japan. The press insisted the importance of supervising mentally disordered persons. The Government tried to propose revision of the mental health law in order to maintain public peace under such circumstances. But the government faced the counter-action of the psychiatrists. Curiously enough, the press played the role of preventing the revision, by aiding the psychiatrist group in counter-acting against the Government. It was on 1 June 1965 that the revision of Mental Health Act was passed at the Congress through the deliberate consideration of the Committee of the Welfare Ministry. It can be said that the press had played the double edged role in the process of the revision of the Act. The aim of this essay is to describe and analyse the role of the press.

Tomita,Nobuho 1982 The Anatomy to "Sekinin (Responsibility)" : Analyzing the Words "Sekkinin" Collected from Newspaper. No.7 pp.136-144.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Sekinin or "responsibility" seems to determine passive sanction or punishment. "Sekinin" has much influence on social control. When sociological, psychological and legal studies refer to "Sekinin", the words "Sekinin" are given certain definitions to be used as models for explanation. If comparison among these studies and ihter-disciplinary studies on "Sekinin" should be done, ideas expressed by the words "Sekinin" and these correlation must be examined. In this paper 206 usages of the word "Sekinin" collected from daily paper were examined. Three ideas expressed by the word "Sekinin" were found. These are: (a) "Sekinin" as "obligation" or "duty" ("Gimu"). (b) "Sekinin" as an idea to connect actor with action or consequence. ("Kiseki"). (c) "Sekinin" as "possibility of accusation" by which type and amount of saction are to be determained ("Toseki"). Further fundamentd and preparetory studies must be done to promote inter-disciplinary and comprehensive studies on "Sekinin".

Segawa,Akira 1982 Current Tendency of British Criminology : Political Movement and criminology. No.7 pp.145-169.

Language: JPN
Abstract: It is three years and a half since the Conservative Party came into power. During the election campaign of 1979 Mrs. Thatcher asserted that the strongest demand among people was for two things: less tax and more law and order. "Law and order" was raised as an important issue of the general election for the first time after World War II. But Thatcher's election viotory has not resulted in a restoration of law and order. The crime rate has been still increasing after the accession to power of the Conservative Party. There has also been an increasing number of reports of football hooliganism in the last three years. Furthermore it seems that the riots of 1981 in about thirty English cities have decisively exploded the assertions of the law and order campaign. But the institutional foundations of Thatcher's policy remain intact and unaltered. Since 1979 the Conservative Party has taken the major initiative especially in two fields of penal policy: capital punishment and juvenile justice. The main reasons for the re-introduction of bapital punishment are that the death penalty would be a deterrent to certain types of murderers and that it would help the police in carrying out their duties. The House of Commons, however, voted against restoring hanging, twice by a majority which was far higher than some people expected. The Conservative Government also published a white paper "Young Offenders" in October 1980. The white paper's main proposals are that detention centre orders should be shorter, and that youth custody should replace sentences of borstal training and imprisonment. But critics says that these changes might result in a considerable increase in the number of young offenders committed to custodial establishments. It should be noted that in response to Tory initiatives the right-wing criminology has become influential. The right-wing criminologists clim that the loss of established, dominant morality is the cause of social disorder in Britain and that the orderliness in socid life on a basis of morality and discipline must be reconstructed. It is interesting to know how new criminologists respond to such a situation. At the earher stage new criminologists did not seem to have an effective response to actual penal practice, because there were diversity of opinion as to the master theoretical foundation and internal contradictions. But it is recently stated that the new criminology has become more homogeneous. The current tendencies in the new criminology are as follows: First, the theoretical foundation in the new criminology is moving fiom labeling theory to Marxism. Second, the new criminology is exercising more effect upon sociology than upon criminology. Third, the new criminologist's interest in practical problems of criminal justice is growing. The new crimiriology's practical implications are, however, still unclear even now. That is to say, new criminologists have not yet proposed an established alternative plan to Thatcher's penal policy. Therefore it could be said that the new criminology has been put on to the defensive. Recently I. Taylor, co-author of "the New Criminology", mentioned that repetition of earlier idealistic versions of radical criminology is an inadequate and irresponsible response to the popular anxieties that exist on street crime and on contemporary behaviour of youth. According to his view, any new socialist criminology must be formed in a practical context: for example, the prison movement, the police, law enforcement and the women's movement. It is difficult to tell whether or not his proposals will have much influence on formulation of pend policy. But these proposals will create much discussion. It will also be interesting to see how the rightwing criminology and the remaining group in the new criminology will respond to Taylor's view.

Watabe,Makoto 1982 Differences of High-Schools and Delinquent Culture of Students. No.7 pp.170-185.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This study examines a relation between quality of a high-school and a delinquent tendency of the high-school students. Following hypotheses were examined. 1. In Japan there is a great difference in behavioural patterns and value orientations of students depending upon ranks of theh high-schools. It is tihs difference that actuany creates diffrences in problematic behaviour patterns of high-school students. 2. Prevailing delinquent culture in low-ranked high-schools fastens the delinquent tendendency of the students. Data of a survey project on high-school students in which I participated, were analysed for the study. The flowing results were obtained. 1. Many students of low-ranked high-schools do not tend to adapt themselves to thier school circumstance and they are not satisfied with educational policies of their schools. They are not interested in their school life. Instead, they enjoy themselves rather out of their schools. 2. The youth culture in which many students of low-ranked high-schools are interested are "game center" "motorcycles" "coffee shops" "drinkinhg" and so on. On the contrary, many students of high-ranked high-schools are interested ih "literature and philosophy" "traveling alone" and so on. 3. Classfication of inclination to youth culture by a multivariable analysis showed that students of low-ranked high-schools have an inclination to delinquent youth culture and that they are indifferent to the quest of their identity. The present entrance system of high-schools, in which students are selected automatically by accomplishment of junior high-schools, trigger many problems in the formation of delinquent youth culture. Therefore, it is required to improve the entrance system to high-schools.

Sawata,Naoko 1982 Characteristics of Female Status Offenders. No.7 pp.186-199.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Compared to juvenile delinquents, status offenders tend to be given more protective measures such as probation and referral to a juvenile training school. This tendency is specifically conspicuous in female cases; i.e., although 6.8 percent of total female delinquents was put under protective measures in 1980, it was 44.4 percent in case of female status offenders. Comparison was made to find difference of characteristics between male and female status offenders. And also a hypothesis that different factors will contribute to giving protective measures to a boy and to a girl, was examined. The result showed that factors, such as age, parental status and age of first delinquency much more contribute to the selection of girls for protective measures. The most important factor for the selection of boys was "status", that is, a student, employed, or unemployed.

Sato,N. 1982 A Review of Recent Studies on Juvenile Delinquency. No.7 pp.200-208.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Sagawa,A. 1982 Current lssues of Criminology in Britain : Moral Panics and the Renaissance of Dangerousness. No.7 pp.209-216.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Shikata,Hisao 1983 Preventive Policy of Crime : Its Effects and Limit (Crime, Delinquecy Control and Mobilization of Social Resources). No.8 pp.4-21.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Human beings are the social beings who live trying to satisfy their basic desires. Therefore, if they cannot satisfy their desires, they may possibly break laws and change into the dangerous animals at any moment. When we ran short of food, in the aftermath of the 2nd World War, black-marketing was common. Now we are better off than before, but the number of criminals who stole others' properties does not show a decline. Strictly speaking, there are few who never commit any crime at all. Crimes are the daily happenings. In order to prevent a crime, it is necessary for us to clearly explain : 1) conception of a crime ; 2) conception of a criminal ; 3) purpose to prevent a crime ; 4) causes of crimes ; 5) measures to prevent a crime. As for the conception of a crime, there are three definitions. The first is a sociological conception of a crime, the second is a legal conception of a crime in a wide sense, and the third being the legal definition in a narrow sense. From the viewpoint of criminology, it seems most suitable to use the second definition. When we discuss the conception of a criminal, we need to decide when and whom we should call a criminal. We should define whether a criminal should be : 1) a suspect who is arrested by the police ; 2) a person who is indicted by the public prosecutor ; 3) a person who is convicted at the court ; 4) a person who serves his sentence in a prison. We find various causes of crime in the world, and we have been unable to clarify them scientifically. Therefore, we cannot establish yet scientific and absolutely effective measures to prevent a crime. We consider two methods to prevent a crime : the first is the social policy and the second is the criminal policy. From the viewpoint of the social policy, we should keep the security of living, and changes in our social structures slowly. There are two ways in the criminal policy ; general and special prevention. But both ways have not shown any sufficient effect. It can be concluded under the present condition that any effective and scientific policies to prevent a crime have not been found out yet.

Moriyama,Tadashi 1983 On Functions of Informal Crime Control (Crime, Delinquecy Control and Mobilization of Social Resources). No.8 pp.22-37.

Language: JPN
Abstract: There are two types of crime control in society - formal and informal control. Traditionally, most efforts to examine "societal reactions to crime" have focused on reactions of such formal institutions as criminal justice and correctional systems to crimes. But currently criminal justice system has tended to depend more on the treatment of criminals in a free society outside the formal institutions - probation, parole, or community-based treatment. This paper, from perspectives of sociology and criminology, examines the informal crime control including informal reactions, of individuals and groups. In reality, the public or individual citizens do not necessarily support the current policy of community treatment, but are rather indifferent to it, or show interests only in defensive crime control. On the other hand, the informal crime control has lost its effects as a community is disorganized. Therefore, we must examine the existing informal crime control, and innovate new types of informal crime control such as community reorganization for crime prevention or the mediation system of community disputes, recognizing the limits and defeats of the current informal crime control.

Matsumoto,Yoshio 1983 Functions of School for Preventing Delinquency (Crime, Delinquecy Control and Mobilization of Social Resources). No.8 pp.38-51.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The relationship between school and delinquency shifts depending on the availability of the secondary education. When the opportunity for secondary education was limited for certain numbers of students, "insuffciency of education", or the alienation from educational opportunities, was an important factor of juvenile delinquency. The present school system has enabled many students to be enrolled in upper secondary schools and "incompleteness of education", or the alienation in school, has become an important factor of delinquency. This article discusses the following factors of schools concerning prevention of delinquency ; 1) function of cognitive socialization, 2) function of guiding students, 3) function of protecting students from bad influences, 4) function of absorbing students' drives towards deviancy, 5) function of moral socialization. These functions of schools are expected to reduce the potenciality of delinquency. But, in the school life today, these functions sometimes promote delinquency of students. 1) Lack of flexibility of teaching methods makes various types of failures, 2) perspectives of students are confused by schools themselves, 3) a number of rules in schools tend to increase frustration among students, 4) schools fail to absorb various drives of students, 5) inconsistency of school disciplines increases the nonconformists and apathy among students. If we want more effective ways to prevent delinquency among students, we need to adjust these functions of schools.

Sugihara,Sachiko / Goda,Norio 1983 The Evaluation and the View of the Crime Prevention Activities (Crime, Delinquecy Control and Mobilization of Social Resources). No.8 pp.52-74.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The crime prevention activities were introduced into the field of the rehabilitation (probation and parole) service by the Offenders Rehabilitation Law in 1949. Since then, probation offices and related voluntary organizations have placed emphasis on the crime prevention, and have organized in July each year a nation-wide crime prevention campaign entitled as "The Drive to Enlighten the Society", in order to mobilize the interest of the public. In this campaign, as in other day-to-day crime prevention activities, emphasis is placed not only on prevention of crime in the strict sense of the term but also on disseminating the idea that it is essential for the public to accept released offenders back in the community and help them for the prevetion of recidivism. In this article the authors examined the history of crime prevention activities in the field of rehabilitation, and their main purposes by each decade, trying to define whether the main objective of the crime preventive efforts in the field is the prevention of recidivism and rehabilitation of offenders or the reduction of over-all crime rates in the community. The authors reached the conclusion that the purposes of these activities are as follows : i) To give the members of the community the information on crime and delinquency and make them more interested in crime problems ; ii) to encourage them to participate in crime preventive activities in the community ; iii) to make them sympathize with the offenders and support their rehabilitation. The degree of the interest of the public in crime problems in the community, of course, greatly depends upon the crime incidence and other factors existinging the community. Today, the increase of juvenile delinquency has become a serious social problem and a main object of public interest, and it is required for probation offices, volunteer probation officers and other voluntary organizations such as Women's Associations for Rehabilitation Aid or Big Brothers and Sisters Associations to conduct the nation-wide crime prevention activities in more attractive and effective fashions. Under these circumstances, the Rehabilitation Bureau of the Ministry of Justice conducted "The Project for the Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation of Offenders in the Community" in 1979 and 1980. The project aimed at evaluating the effects of the crime prevention activities in the field of the rehabilitation services, and developing more effective methods of crime prevention activities in the community. It may be safe to summarize the results of the questionnaires administered to the residents in the project areas about their thought patterns on crime prevention and offenders rehabilitation in the following manner : i) The information dissemination through mass communication media or personal channels is essential in order to stimulate the interests of the members of the community in the crime prevention. ii) The participation in some kinds of crime preventive programs promote residents, understanding of the importance of the crime prevention. Active participation in programs such as round-table discussions and interorganization meetings is especially effective ; iii) From among those who participated in these programs, we can recruit potential leaders of crime prevention activities, and further more, the individuals who are willing to help offenders voluntarily. The effect of the crime prevention activities can be evaluated by the number of participants in crime preventive activities and the number of residents who catch the information. The authors define these two indexes as "Participation and Information Scale," and propose this scale as a scale for the evaluation of effects of the crime prevention activities in the field of the rehabilitation services.

Kikuchi,Kazunori 1983 Examination of Corrective Steps for School Delinquents (Crime, Delinquecy Control and Mobilization of Social Resources). No.8 pp.75-91.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Nowadays almost all of junior high schools have suffered from various delinquent behaviors outbreaking in daily school life. some examples are ; larceny, extortion, glue-sniffing, and school vandalism, in particular, which has occurred all over the country. As a rule, present corrective procedures and treatment methods have been designed for rather elder delinquents and are insufficient to deal with students in our compulsory education. Therefore, we have to examine the existent system carefully to point out its defects and problems,and consider more effective, and productive steps to realize younger delinquents'rehabilitation. First of all, schools should realize their powerlessness to check students, delinquent acts and their policy to keep any deplorable event absolutely confidential to outsiders. These two defects usually encourage students, delinquent acts and sometimes make them believe that the school is a real "sanctuary" permitting every criminal action without reporting it to the police. Schools should establish their definite standpoint which combines their educational functions with corrective functions to prevent studets, further misdeeds and to keep good relationships with collateral agencies. From the viewpoint of compulsory education, we can not deprive students of their constitutional right to receive education, regardless of the policies that schools may select. But schools are usually negative to readmittance or change of schools of delinquent students irrespective of treatment plans that they have had. Moreover, schools sometimes suspend delinquents from attending school illegally in principal's own judgement in spite of the delinquents' status to receive compulsory education. These school policies always undermine delinquents rehabilitative will and it is inevitable to say that schools illegally deprive delinquent students of their fundamental right for education. Schools must be open to readmittance and change of the schools of delinquents just as they are open to normal students. The author must admit that suspension of delinquents from attending schools is one of the effective ways to maintain stable school life, but it has to be decided according to the principles of due process. The procedures must clarify the necessity for suspension, give an opportunity for the delinquent to defend himself and assure him of his right to file his complaint against the school decision. As a conclusion we have to save our energy by reconstructing corrective steps after examining above-stated defects and problems of our present systems. The author believes that these activities will protect interests of delinquents as well as those of our society.

Miyazawa,Setsuo 1983 Pretrial Diversion : A Proposal for Research and Reform. No.8 pp.94-118.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The ideas of pretrial diversion and of resolution of disputes involving minor offenses through mediation have recently been introduced to Japan. No one, however, has yet examined their implications in the Japanese context with a proposal for reform of the criminal justice system. Focusing on adult crimes other than minor traffic of Eenses, this paper reviews the development and critiques of these ideas in the U. S., analyzes the extent to which they may be incorporated into the Japanese system, presents a tentative proposal for reform, and outlines an agenda for research to be conducted to judge the merit and feasibility of the reform proposal. Diversion programs, particularly those with intervention including mediation, supposedly benefit all the parties in the criminal justice system : they reduce the work loads of the criminak justice agencies, better protect the general public through more effective treatment of offenders, and provide the accused with services withont attaching the stigma of formal conviction. Given the incidence of crime in Japan, however, there would be no need for reform from the viewpoints of the former two groups. A reform proposal might be based mainly on the viewpoint of the accused. The police and the prosecutor are already disposing of a large percentage of criminal cases through their statutory discretion to terminate proceedings, usually without any requirements on the part of the accused. Therefore, this paper proposes a reform at the police-prosecution stage which would be an extention of the current practice of simple diversion, and proposes that the guidelines for the exercise of the discretion be made public. Diversion with intervention is proposed only at the stage where court supervision is available. Typically on the first appearance before the court, the defendant may, upon advice of the defense counsel, request the court to suspend the proceedings for a few months during which time he will receive services which he has requested outside the justice system under the supervision of the probation office. Upon the expiration of the specified period, the court will evaluate the defendant's performance, and, if the court finds it satisfactory, the prosecutor will withdraw the information. This paper suggests the types of cases for which the suspension of proceedings should be either mandatory or discretionary, suggesting that the suspension should be mandatory when the chosen services are clearly appropriate for the accused (as, for instance, in the case of psychiatric treatment for the mentally disturbed defendant). Related procedural and policy issues are discussed, and a series of research topics are described.

Inoue,Yutaka 1983 Analysis of the Judgement about Criminal Responsibility.. No.8 pp.119-130.

Language: JPN
Abstract: How does the criminal court make judgement about criminal responsibility (kriminalle Schuldfahigkeit)? This paper reports on the result of the author's analysis of the judicial judgement about this issue. The sample of this analysis consists of 154 cases (appeared in law reports or law journals) which made an issue of criminal responsibility. These cases were analyzed by the means of "Chi-Square test" and "Quantification theory-model II." As a result of the analysis, nine factors were selected as constituents of the judicial judgement about criminal responsibility. These factors are : (1) "Premeditation of the crime ;" (2) "Unusual motive of the crime ;" (3) "psychosis ;" (4) "Mental defectiveness;" (5) "Neurosis ;" (6) "Alcoholic intoxication;" (7) "Disturbed consciousness at the time of commitment of the crime;" (8) "Existence of delusion and hallucination etc ;" (9) "Existcnce of memory of comittment." The "Quantification theory-class II" calculates the normalized score of each category. The sample score is calculated by totaling the normalized scores of all applicable categories. The turning point which devides between the non-responsibility (Schuldunfahigkeit) and the diminished responsibility (verminderte Schuldfahigkeit), and between the diminished responsibility and the full responsibility (Schuldfahigkeit), turns out through the distribution of the sample scores. As a result of analysis on the said nine factors, the following turning points were obtained. (1) �`30 : Non-responsibility. (2) 29�`-57 : Diminished responsibility. (3) -58�` : Responsibility. Through this division, eighty percent of the total samples were able to be discriminated. And the further follow-up to other ten cases other than the samples revealed that the discrimination rate is eighty percent.

Yajima,Masami 1983 A Study of Students' Images of Juvenile Delinquents. No.8 pp.131-155.

Language: JPN
Abstract: 1. Aims This research aims at investigating junior high school students' images of the seven types of boys by 33 items. They are : Paint-thinner inhaling boys, shoplifting boys, school violent boys, juvenile ioy riders of motorcycles, disobedient boys, good boys and the samples themselves Also it aims at investigating social distance and ranking of unfriendliness of six boys except the category of "themselves". 2. Samples and method The samples of this research area total of 1,245 3rd junior high school students. The period of this research is from May to July in 1982 and a questionnaire method was used. 3. Result Following hypotheses were drawn from this research (1) Junior high school students hold both bad and good images of deviant boys-paint-thinner inhaling boys, shoplifting boys, school violent boys, juvenile joy riders of motorcycles, and disobedient boys. (2) Each deviant boy shows not only stereotyped images but also a variety of images. (3) Junior high school students hold good and bad images of "good boys". (4) Some of the self images (the total images of "myself" of each sample) are akin to images of "good boys", and others to images of deviant boys. (5) Most of junior high school students accept "good boys" and reject deviant boys, but some of them accept deviant boys and reject "good boys". (6) Junior high school students' labeling is not one sided but is on a mutual basis. (7) There exsists student subculture as a background of six hypotheses.

Hida,Daijiro 1983 A Study of the Relationship between School Management and Problematic Behavior in Junior High School. No.8 pp.156-171.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The main focus of this paper is to clarify the relationship between junior-high school students' deviant behaviors and their school life in Japan. Recent studies reveal that students' deviant behaviors corelate with their low academic achievement. And the increase of such deviance as violence within schools, has become a serious social problem. Therefore, students' school life is an important factor to understand behavior problems in the school today. Since student 'problematic behavior' (MONDAI KODO) is caused in the negotiation processes between teachers and students, it is pursued by looking closely at making sense process of both teachers and students. (see the author's paper, 1982.) The following are the findings from reanalysis of the surveyincluding 1,642 junior high school students. (1) The strictness of school discipline or rule has influence over the students' making sense of their behavior. (2) As the more strict teachers exert school disciplines or rules, the less students regard their behaviors as 'problematic'. This result supports D. Reynolds' theories. (3) But, the 'eager' actions of teachers toward students has positive effects on students' making sense, This finding doesn't support Reynolds' hypothesis, but may reflect Japanese junior high school students' attitudes toward schools and teachers.

Uchiyama,Ayako / Konagai,Kayo / Abe,Tetsuo 1983 A Study on Neonaticide Committed by Females. No.8 pp.172-186.

Language: JPN
Abstract: PURPOSE ; A significant feature of homicides committed by females is the fact that the largest portion of the victims were children of their own. In particular, the ratio of the neonates within twenty-four hours after birth is great among victims. In this report, at first, the authors analyzed two groups of neonaticide classifing victimd into legitimate and illegitimate neonates to clarify the differences of the two groups. Second, the authors tried to classify neonaticides by the Method of Hayashi's Quantitative Theory III (Pattern Analysis). SUBJECTS ; Subjects of this study were 93 female defendants sentenced at district courts from 1976 to 1980 in eleven prefectures (Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, Yamanashi, Nagano, Niigata, Shizuoka, Ibaragi, Tochigi, and Gunma), whose victims were neonates within 24 hours after their birth. METHOD ; From the documents of written judgements of female defendants of neonaticide at district courts, the authors recorded investigation items which include attributes of defendants, criminal facts, backgrounds of crimes, and the sentences. Then each item of investigation was analyzed statistically. RESULTS ; I. Characteristics and Backgrounds of Two Groups �E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�Eneonaticide of legitimate and illegitimate children�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E " During the past twenty years, neonaticide of legitimate children is remarkably increasing. The portion of legitimate children among victims of neonaticide has become 50 %, although it was only 15 % twenty years ago. a) neonaticide of legitimate children ; Defendants are mostly house-wives in their early thirties who have two or three children already. Their main motive of crime is poverty. They are afraid that they are unable to bring up the whole children if new-born babies join the family. In addition, they suffer domestic problems such as husbands' indifference to family problems. b) neonaticide of illegitimate children ; Defendants are mostly young (under twenty-four years old), and unmarried, and have problems of their own. For example, they show sexual promiscuity, and change jobs frequently. Their motives for neonaticide are shame, unwanted child, fear for exposure of pregnancy or birth of children of out of wedlock in addition to poverty. II. Cldssification by Pattern Analysis The following five dimensions are abstracted to classify the neonaticide ; 1st dimension (attributes of defendants) ___<(+)>�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E___<(-)> 2nd dimension (particular victim) ___<(-)> 3rd dimension (family backgrounds) ___<(+)> 4th dimension (characteristics of defendants) ___<(+)>�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E psychopathy___<(-)> 5th dimension (way of living of defendants) ___<(+)>�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E___<(-)> Accoding to these dimensions, neonaticides were classified into eight groups.

Takahara,Masaoki 1983 The Contemporary Type of Juvenile Delinquency and Deviant Behavior Theoies. No.8 pp.187-201.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Recently it has been much discussed that the new type of juvenile delinquency has increased in quantities and that deviant behavior theories including labelling theory should be integrated in some way. But Studies of the relationships between actual behaviors and these theories have been less accumulated. Therefore this paper aims at studying the adaptation of deviant behavior theories to contemporary realities in Japan. Categorizing this contemporary type, its three categories are class and stratification, the degree of consciousness, and the structure of play in the whole society. Next, among many theories, anomie theory, delinquent subculture theory, and lower class culture theory aren't adaptable to contemporary realities because these theories are concerned in middle-lower differences and limitation of resident districts. On the contrary, differential identification theory, self-concept theory, and double-sidedness theory of dominant value system (e. g. G. M. Sykes and D. Matza) are well adaptable because they emphasize the similarity of delinquent boys to non-delinquent boys in social structure. In illustration of these problems, The author tried to study the "Yokohama case" of juvenile delinquency that occured in sensational way in February 1983. It is considered as the complex of "classical type" and " contemporary type"

Takemasa,S. 1983 The Trend of Studies about Juvenile Delinquency. No.8 pp.202-214.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Niikura,O. 1983 Sur les Propositions en Matiere Penale et la Science de Polituque Criminelle en France. No.8 pp.215-220.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Sawanobori,Toshio 1984 Sociological Criminology and Criminal Policy (Contemporary Society and Sociology of Crime : in Search of New Perspective-). No.9 pp.4-13.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Ten years have passed since the Sociological Criminology Society of Japan was established and during the years, several sessions have been held and the possibility of making a conjoint study both by sociologists and by criminalists has been discussed. So far, however, they cannot come to any complete agreement on the peculiar province of sociological criminology. From the view-point of new criminal policy, which is based on democracy, the author conciders the essential matters to be studied positively. In order to be sure that a decision of an anti-crime policy is made for sufficient reasons, the decision must be made after the following points are examined precisely : (1) what are the criminal phenomena. (2) how effective is the current anti-crime policy. (3) what are the views on evaluation or the standards for evaluation about criminal phenomena and anti-crime policy. The province of the positive research becomes more comprehensive, by analyzing these three points more fully. On the other hand, on the subjects of sociological criminology, sociologists say that it has to make a positive effort to intervene in social realities, since sociology is not a paper argument. Concidering all mentioned above, the subjects of positive research studies on criminal policy seem to cover almost all the subjects on "sociological criminology" at the same time. Because perspectives of new criminal policy based on democracy include many research subjects of sociological criminology as such, it is expected that both criminalists and sociologists take part in the same project, cutting off the useless efforts to search its proper boundary of each science.

Omura,Eisho 1984 Toward a Dramaturgical Theory of Crime : Post-labeling Perspective (Contemporary Society and Sociology of Crime : in Search of New Perspective). No.9 pp.14-27.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Many criminologists who have turned their attentions to the labeling perspective in the early 1970's, returned recently to the control (or bond) theory. Against the prevailing view, I believe, both of 'turn' and 'return' are symbolic phenomena of Durkheim Renaissance. If not, those switches in theory only mean that an existing paradigm has been persistently unable to solve "puzzles", or at least to explain a new type of crime. (Or would puzzles have been exhausted ?) Since no criminologist (as a scientist) can work in a theoretical vacuum, when a paradigm or a research program loses its ability to produce new 'facts', and I am afraid, it will often go into a "degenerative" phase. Therefore, the aim of this essay is to present a new perspective which is named as the dramaturgical theory of crime. Of course, I know this new theory is only a different rather than a better way of looking at reality. But in this essay I suggest the significance of this new theoretical orientation. For example, I propose that Goffman's Frame analysis could be effectively utilzed to make analytical sense of empirical facts. A schematic overview of my argument is illustrated in the following diagram. [figure]

Hayami,Hiroshi 1984 Critical Examination of Labeling-theory from the View Point of Judical Welfare (Contemporary Society and Sociology of Crime : in Search of New Perspective). No.9 pp.28-41.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Labeling-theory produced a new approach of the study of deviant behaviors and especially its sociological critique to the authoritative treatment of delinquents by officials has a unique aspect. But this theory so strengthens authoritative elements in the official treatment that it is inclined to function consequently in the direction of tightening authoritative power rather than criticizing it. It seems that this paradoxical point spoils the significance of labeling-theory. Though labeling-theory strengthens the defect of official treatment as to its provision of labels for delinquents, there has been the tradition of avoiding such labels in Japan before this theory was proposed. This tradition is based on Buddhistic thought of pardon, Marxism's theory and Japanese unbelief in former reformatories and it has emphasized the significance of the treatment in the community rather than in a reformatory. But in Japan, this tradition includes problems in itself from the view point of labeling-theory. It has a defect in strengthening labels of delinquents sent to reformatories. The more we try to avoid stamping labels, the more the label which is more selectively stamped becomes strong and overwhelms the delinquent. For these reasons labeling-theory has contradictions in itself and therefore it cannot replace the such preceding theory of deviant behavior as anomie-theory. What is expected hereafter is to refine labeling-theory from causal aspects and to integrate it in to the former theory, especially anomie-theory. At least this reform is necessary for judical welfare - the diagnosis and treatment for the sound upbringing of delinquents.

Matsumura,Yoshiyuki 1984 The New Current in the Study of General Deterrence (Contemporary Society and Sociology of Crime : in Search of New Perspective). No.9 pp.42-55.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper deals with the study on general deterrence in these two decades with particular focus on economic approaches and on policy-experiments. In the United States, federal agencies and federal funds were established in the late sixties and the early seventies to support the study of crime and criminal justice. Many economists were mobilzed and organized by the Federal Government to fix the optimal crime control policy. Accordingly, many economic studies and policy-experiments on general deterrence have been conducted since the late sixties in the United States. Both these two kinds of studies are policy-oriented because economic studies imply the idea of the optimal allocation of the resources of the criminal justice system, and in policy-experiments, some social control variables (eg. police activities) are operated by state or local agencies. In addition, the author points out the development of the idea that economics has come to deal not only with economic behavior in the strict sense but also whatever behavior is regarded as a choice under uncertainty. This idea which is called "economic imperialism" and the mobilization of economists by the Federal Government as mentioned above have made many economists engage in econometric studies on general deterrence. On the contrary, either policy-experiments or econometric studies on general deterrence have scarcely been done in Japan. First, the deterrence of crime has not been a political issue and therefore the government has not supported the study of deterrence. Second, economists are neither interested in economics of crime, nor in law and economics. Third, in the field of criminal law, law professors are absorbed in doctorinare studies and pay little attention to the scientific and empirical study of deterrence. In the field of civil law, however, the idea of law and economics has been gradually accepted in the past decade. Therefore the idea of law and economics will possibly exert an influence on the field of criminal law and the idea of economics of crime will emerge within several years.

Kikuchi,Takekatsu 1984 A Memorandum: Toward Understanding Delinquencies of Japanese Koreans (Contemporary Society and Sociology of Crime : in Search of New Perspective). No.9 pp.56-67.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Fujita (1982) argues that delinquencies committed by Japanese Koreans begin in their early adolescence and that environmental factors characterizing Korean sub-society in Japan are responsible for the delinquencies. (Fujita mentions such "environmental factors" as low socioeconomic status of Korean families.) But can we explain delinquencies of Japanes (Koreans only in terms of such "environmental factors"? This paper examines this causal issue on the basis of case studies. A close examination of the social organization of Korean people ir Japan as a "minority group" reveals that it consists of numerous subgroups which are heterogeneous with regard to such characteristics as nationality, socioeconomic status, and generation. Our case studies of Korean delinquents indicate that their self-identity as Koreans varies according to the types of subgroups to which they belong. Levine's (1977) "Typology of Stranger Relationship" gives us a clue to explore the social roles of the Korean adolescents in Japan and their bearings on their delinquencies. The two axes of his typology are "Stranger's Interest in Host Community" and "Host's Response to Strangers". Although Levine's typology is useful in classifying Korean people's "interest in host community", it dose not include a category for the typical response of Japanese to Korean ; i. e., "negative stereotyping" (Wagatsuma, 1981). "Negative stereotyping" is crucial in shaping Korean adolescents' selfidentity as marginal men. It is also crucial in determining scioeconomic status and social marginality of Koreans in Japan. The first conclusion of this paper is that construction of a more elaborate typology about types of marginality of Koreans is crucial in understanding causal mechanism underlying delinquencies of Japanese Koreans. Another conclusion of this paper is that we have to employ a phenomenological approach in understanding and analyzing individual cases. The approach will enable us to explore effects of the strain factors which have been said to be characteristic of Korean delinquents in Japan. If we can synthesize the typological studies and case studies, we will be able to elaborate a theory about deviant behaviors of minority peoples in general.

Fuji,Masatake 1984 Reconsideration of a Institutional Treatment Specialist : As Self-criticism of a Juvenile Training School Teacher (Contemporary Society and Sociology of Crime : in Search of New Perspective). No.9 pp.68-79.

Language: JPN
Abstract: A dacade has passed after the foundation of Sociological Criminology Society of Japan, and this fact has made me reconcider my tracks in there ten years. I have been enlightened very much by many research studies about juvenile delinquency which have been published recently, being stimulated by the third drastic increase of their number after World War II. On the other hand, I am penitent for my idleness because I have been an only nominal member of Sociological Criminology Society and have made no prominent research study as a correctional treatment specialist of juvenile delinquency. Above all, I think that the following two problems should have been tackled and positively studied by specialists of institutional treatment in cooperation with officials of other organizations concerned : (1) characteristics and problems of the institutional custody-relationships between custody and education, (2) raison d'etre of juvenile training schools - their relationships with other organizations of juvenile education. I would like to make some comments about my distress and struggle which I have met within my routine job, expecting to learn from your comments and advice.

Yajima,Masami 1984 Sociology of Japanese Association of Criminal Sociology (Contemporary Society and Sociology of Crime : in Search of New Perspective). No.9 pp.80-96.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The transition of Japanese Association of Criminal Sociology, from 1974 to 1983, is following ; (1) Among the membership, approximately half of practitioners have substantially withdrawn from JACS. (2) The members who are practitioners little report at annual contresses of JACS nor write for issues of Japanese Journal of Sociological Criminology. (3) The members who majored in law became dominant in JACS, whereas the members whose speciality is sociology have stayed relatively inactive compared to jurists. (4) Very few have reported nor written on clinical studies. (5) Labeling Theory had flourished in the 1970's but has declined in the 1980's. (6) Law Sociological and control approaches have grown more popular, whereas classical and aetiological approaches have remained stagnant. (7) The concept of "Student Sub-culture" has been introduced from educational sociology.

Sumida,Masaki / Watanabe,Yasuo 1984 Teachers' Group Activity for Delinquent Student Guidance and Its Effect : From the Survey of F Prefecture. No.9 pp.98-118.

Language: JPN
Abstract: In this paper, the authors intend to clarify the relationships between the extent of the united activity for guidance of teachers as a group - they term it the guidance ability of teachers' group - and the effects of the united activity on the students' deviant behaviors, especially junior-high school students' deviant behaviors. So far studies of the juvenile delinquency have dealt with the problem, in relation to the school education, that students with poor achievement have not adjusted himself to the school life. There is no doubt that the poor educational achievement is one of the major causes of juvenile delinquency. But actually, the rate of the delinquent students differs from school to school though there are about the same numbers of poorly achieving students at every school. So we should consider carefully the differences of respective school organization and school management to understand the facts. This paper pays attention to the difference in the extent of the united activity for guidance of teachers' group. The authors carried out a mail survey including 285 junior-high school teachers (one teacher from each school) in F Prefecture from the beginning of July to the middle of November in 1983 and collected 127 questionnaires of the number. We classified teachers' groups into three types on the basis of these data and applied these types as a framework for analysis. Consequently the following conclusions were obtained. (1) In schools of high guidance ability of teachers' group, there are few delinquent students, the teachers' morale is high and the teachers lay stress on mutual solidarity as a preventive measure for delinquency at school. The, teachers' group activity for guidance is effective. (2) On the contrary,in schools of low guidance ability, that is to say, in schools where the extent of the united activity of teachers' group is low, there are many delinquent students and the teachers' morale is low. The teachers lay stress on close contacts between teachers and students but the techers'group activity is ineffective.

Hattori,Akira 1984 A Study on Re-integration Process of Offenders. No.9 pp.119-138.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This article aims at, with the result of an empirical study, revealing the process how the offender can be re-integrated into the community. Such a concern pursues the possibility of the reversion of a 'labeling' process. That is, how the actor of a crime can be freed from a negative label of 'the offender', and be re-identified as a law-abiding person by people in the community. 2. Samples and Method of Research : The samples of this research study are a total of 553 university students. They were asked to read four fictitious stories: worker's injury, traffic accident, violence and shoplifting. Students were then asked to answer if they would keep associating with the offender in each story. These four stories were intentionally varied in details about the actors' attitudes or situations after committing crimes. For example, (a) if the actor repented and apologized to the victim, (b) if he tries to compensate for the damage, (c) if he was imposed any sanction, etc. Obtained data were analyzed by means of 'Analysis of Variance' (ANOVA). 3. Results of Analysis : Samples of this study tend to keep associating with the actor in the following cases: (a) when the actor repented of his crime and apologized to the victim, (b) when he tries to compensate for the damage, (c) when he decides never to drive after causing the traffic accident. But such motivation for friendliness doesn't occur, when the actor was only imposed such sanction as warning by his superior, a salary reduction, or investigation by the police. These results show that the people generally accepted the actor, when they judged that he will less possibly repeat a crime, and felt it unfair to keep reproaching him, through facing the actor's sincere attitudes after his committing a crime. 4. Conclusion : People tend to denounce and exclude the actor of a crime, labeling him as 'the offender'. But at the same time people tend to let the actor re-integrated into the community, and to free him from the label, when he tries to assume his responsibility and represents penitent attitudes. Thus, the actor is allowed to be integrated with the people in the community, and can revert to what he was before.

Kiyota,Katsuhiko 1984 Characteristics and Social Backgrounds of the Contemporary-Type Juvenile Delinquency. No.9 pp.139-160.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to study the essential characteristics of the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency in relation to its social back-gorunds. First, the author referred to the differences between the traditional and the contemporary types of juvenile delinquency. Secondly, the author pointed out that distinctive tendencies of the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency are "generalization of delinquency" and the increase of "play-type delinquency", and analized the characteristics of each tendency in connection with its social backgrounds. In this paper, the author defines the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency as "the characteristic form of juvenile delinquency in contemporary society and the form of juvenile delinquency which sharply reflects the contemporary social situations". By defining in this manner, it is clear that the form of juvenile delinquency which has the distinction of "generalization" and "play-type" is a tapical form of the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency. But traditional-type juvenile delinquency which is committed by boys with handicaps in their dispositions and/or environments, remains firmly in this society, and the author would like to define much of this type as another contemporary-type juvenile delinquency. Recent tendency of juvenile delinquency is the strong dichotomy between the middle-class, play- and escape-type juvenile delinquency and the traditional, violent- and aggressive-type juvenile delinquency. The author analized this in relation to the duality of contemporary social structures and the social situations of administrated society.

Takahashi,Hitoshi 1984 The Social Background of Maladjusted Behavior and the Basic Principle of Guidance. No.9 pp.161-179.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper examines the social backgrounds of problem behaviors of junior high school students, intending to search for the proper methods of their correction. Adaptive students having no experiences of problem behaviors are obedient in their homes, study hard and adjust themselves to the school life. But problem students have fine physique and many friends, and are fond of sports. In short, they are hyperactive. Considering these points, we may interpret problem behaviors of junior high school students as an outcome of their activeness and behavioral patterns. Analizing the discipline of students by their parents, adaptive students are strictly disciplined, but maladjusted students are more loosely disciplined. Self concepts of adaptive students are positive in general, while maladjustive students tend to have much more negative self images. In other words, problem students think firmly that they are not good students nor children for themselves. Information which teachers have about students' maladjustive behaviors and troublds are not so accurate as expected. School teachers do not necessarily have proper understanding of their students. It is necessary for teachers (and the concerned) to look for a proper method of correction based on the precise information about not only students' current attitudes and behaviors but also their life histories and behavioral patterns.

Hirose,Takuji 1984 In Memory of the late MR. Koji Kashikuma : An unpublished Manuscript with the Introduction. No.9 pp.180-183.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Abe,T 1984 Current Issures on Penal Punishment and Correction. No.9 pp.197-202.

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Hosoi,Y. 1984 Criminological Studies in North Europian Countries. No.9 pp.203-215.

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Mochizuki,Takashi 1985 Crime,Delinquency and Family Times(Crime, Delinquency and Family). No.10 pp.4-15.

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Horiuchi,Mamoru 1985 Distorted Family Relationship in Case of Crime and Juvenile Delinquency(Crime, Delinquency and Family). No.10 pp.16-33.

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Tokuoka,Hideo 1985 The Significance of the "Broken Home" as a Factor of Delinquency(Crime, Delinquency and Family). No.10 pp.34-47.

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Motomura,Hiroshi 1985 A Study of Delinquency in Terms of Family Pathology(Crime, Delinquency and Family). No.10 pp.48-63.

Language: JPN
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Shojima,Hiroshi 1985 Helping a Family in a Clinical Approach to Delinquency : In Search of a Functional Family(Crime, Delinquency and Family). No.10 pp.64-77.

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Kiyonaga,Kenji 1985 Juvenile Delinquency Development and Family Background(Crime, Delinquency and Family). No.10 pp.78-95.

Language: JPN
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Moriyama,Tadashi 1985 Legal Response to Crime and Delinquency among Family Members(Crime, Delinquency and Family). No.10 pp.96-110.

Language: JPN
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Ota,Tadatsune 1985 The Consiousness of Shame of Delinquents. No.10 pp.112-130.

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Abstract

Nakamura,Kanehiko 1985 B.B.S. Movement and Its related Issues. No.10 pp.131-146.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Suzuki,Shingo 1985 A Review of the Development of Studies at the Urban Systems Institute, the Carnegie-Mellon University. No.10 pp.147-169.

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Abstract

Sawada,N 1985 A Review of Recent Studies on Female Delinquency. No.10 pp.170-178.

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Abstract

Kubo.T 1985 A Review of Recent Studies at the Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law, University of Pennsylvania. No.10 pp.179-186.

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Abstract

Matsumoto,Yoshio 1986 Introducion to Statistics on Delinquency : Note on Statistical Analysis of Delinquency (I Review of Indexes of the Crime). No.11 pp.4-19.

Language: JPN
Abstract: A quantitative analysis concerning juvenile delinquency can be divided into extensive reseach and analysis of statistics on delinquency. The present study deals with the technical problems of methods in analyzing statistics on delinquency. It has confirmed its significance in affirming that a quantitative analysis concerning juvenile delinquency must take sociological epidemiology into consideration. Methodological problems in analysing statistics on delinquency need to be elaborated from the following three different aspects. They are : i) Problems in calculation requisites for prescribing statistics on delinquency ; ii) Problems in composing indexes on delinquency ; iii) Problems in measuring, a more precise study based on statistical data. Concerning problems in composing indexes, it has been emphasized that the following indexes should include : (1) The occurence rate of delinquency on the whole ; (2) the occurence rate by sex and age ; (3) indexes of the type of delinquency ; (4) indexes on social attributes of delinquents ; (5) indexes of treatment processes of delinquents ; (6) indexes on the capacity of law enforcement agencies and ; (7) indexes of environmental factors that cause delinquency. In addition, the need for administering a general survey of teen-agers at large is suggested in order to make a sociological analysis on juvenile delinquency more meaningful.

Sato,Tsuneko 1986 The Reality of Criminality in Japan (I Review of Indexes of the Crime). No.11 pp.20-37.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The mass media carries almost everyday news on socio-pathological phenomena such as crime, delinquency and traffic accidents. The news are, however, just "the so-called the tip of the iceberg". More various types of socio-pathological phenomena occur day after day, which is unfortunate indeed for victims and the society as a whole. When you look at the trend of crime in Japan, you will find that the number of larceny theft and stimulant drug controllaw violations increasing up in recent years. Japanese society, as you know, has been developed at a surprising rate. Now, Japanese people can enjoy their high living standard in "an affluent society." So the up-trend of larceny theft seems difficult to comprehend, because larceny theft was considered to be an offence produced by poverty in the past. On the other hand, the recent trend can be analized in the context of recent social structural changes, which has made the global distance much closer not only physically but also psychology. But the "first but least" step for analyzing trends in crime in Japan is to get their precice and accurate prictures. In this article, the author analyses the typical recent trends in crime by dealing with reliable criminal data reported to the police. 1. Penal Code Offenses In 1985, the number of Penal Code offenses reported to the police was 2,121,410, an increase of 41,113 (2.0%) over the previous year. The number of Penal Code offenses recorded, excluding professional negligence, was 1,607,663 which marked an increase of 18,996 (1.2%) over 1984. The number of offenders of Penal Code offenses cleared by the police amounted to 970,226 in 1985, an increase of 8,887 (0.9%) over the preceding year. The number of Penal Code offenders other than those for professional negligence was 432, 107 which marked a decrease of 14,486(3.2%) from 1984. In comparison with the respective numbers in the major categories of reported Penal Code offenses in the previous year, 1985, those of professional negligence, larceny, embezzlement were on the increase, where as those of bodily injury, assault, rape, homicide, robbery were on the decrease. The crime rate (the number of reported offenses for each 100,000 in population) in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany and France in 1984 with respect to offenses equivalent to Japanese Penal Code offenses excluding professional negligence, were 5,031, 6,674, 6,755 and 6,714 respectively. In contrast, the rate in Japan was only 1,289. 2. Special Law Offenses In 1985, public prosecutors offices throughout Japan recieved a total of 2,454,199 suspects of Special Law Offenses, of which 93.0% (2,286,827) were for road traffic violations and 167,372 were for violations of other Special Laws. 3. Juvenile Delinquency In 1985, Penal Code offenses involving a total of 304,070 juvenile and child offenders were cleared by the police. Juvenile and child offender in 1985 accounted for 29.6% of all Penal Code offenders whose offenses were cleared by the police. The year 1985 saw 16.0 juvenile and child offenders per 1,000 juveniles between ten and twenty years of age in population, compared with 8.5 adult offenders per 1,000 adults in the population. The number of juvenile and child offenders investigated by the police for nontraffic Penal Code offenses in 1985 was 250,132, representing 51.2% all nontraffic Penal Code offenders whose offenses were cleared by the police. This number accounts for 13.2 per 1,000 juvenile population, this rate being about five times higher than that for adult offenders. The number of juvenile suspects investigated by the police during 1985 for violations of Special Laws other than road traffic violations totalled 35,803, a decrease of 3,449 from the previous year. Violations of the Poisonous and Hazardous Substances Control Law were the most frequently committed (70.9%), followed by violations of the Stimulant Drugs Control Law (5.8%). These two types of violations, which involv

Nishimura,Haruo 1986 Value in Perspective of Indexes of the Criminal Justice (I Review of Indexes of the Crime). No.11 pp.38-60.

Language: JPN
Abstract: An index is another simpler, and numerical expression of a complex phenomenon or an abstract concept. So well constructed indexes would give us an accurate and plain understanding of that phenomenon or concept. This paper deals with improvement of criminal justice indexes, especially statistical indexes used in the criminology and the administration of the criminal justice. Seven volumes of the criminal justice statistics are published annually in Japan by three agencies. They are : Police Crime Statistics, the Ministry of Justice Annual Report of Prosecution, the Supreme Court Annual Report of Criminal Procedure, the Supreme Court Annual Report of Juvenile Procedure, the Ministry of Justice Annual Report of Correction I and II, and the Ministry of Justice Annual Report of Parole and Probation. The kinds of statistical items of each volume were presented in summary at the end of this paper. It is pointed out that official statistics compiled by the criminal justice agencies are a source of objective and usefui knowledge and at the same time a source of imperfection and error messages. Aside from the immaturity or intentional manipulation of data collection and input by the criminal justice personnel, these imperfection and error derive from our incomplete interpretation about what these statistical indexes indicate. They are neither more nor ldss than what we expect, and in present society the mass media intervene between the statistics and us. Thus our understanding of the criminal justice statistics depends partly upon the quality of the mass media. Several issues on the criminal justice statistics have been discussed until the present. Some of them seem to be legitimate, and others to be meaningless. Further mention was made of such problems as a sense or nonsense of a durk figure, the proposal of consumer-oriented statistics, regarding statistics as reflecting either a reality or a wishful thinking of the routine work of the agencies, a criminologist's way of approach to the statistics, a new conceptual definition of crime and crime rate, the idea of the criminal justice system being defined as a value-added process, not as an arbitrary decision making process, the concept of criminal justice system as a social organization composed of its personnel, and a new type of statistics for the sake of crime prevention rather than for processing criminals. Those new conceptualization of the crime and criminal justice system will certainly stimulate and promote improvement of the production of the existing statistics and a better understanding of them.

Tsujimoto,Yoshio / Fujiyoshi,Kazushi 1986 Legal Aspects of Criminal Reporting (II Problems of Crime Reporting in Mass Media). No.11 pp.62-78.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The so-called "Miura Fever" has swept the nation over the past 20 months since the weekly magazine ___- published an article voicing skepticism about the Los Angels murder case. The news of Mr. Miura's arrest gave the public the impression of the importer being guilty before his innocence was proven. He was arrested as a suspect only on charge of a slight injury done to his former wife. Even if he had commited a crime he has no reason to suffer such abusive reports by mass media. By and large, the Japanese public seems to have accustomed to reading newspapers or watching TV reporting of criminal suspects in which reporters treat arrested persons as though they were already convicted. Kenichi Asano, author of "The Crime of Criminal Reporting", calls crime reporters "The police with a pen". He reached a conclusion that the best way to avoid victims of journalists' reporting is not to reveal suspects' names at all. By publishing criminal suspects' names, the media have penalized them even before the police started investigation. Referring to cases involving false charges, it takes many years for a person to legally restore his/her rights and life. Many defamatory publications might be dealt with either in the civil courts, or the criminal courts. A defamer could be sent to prison or made to pay for damages - this is Libel and Slander. Although the law of libel may seem severlly applied to newspapers, it was codified (according to articles 13 and 21 of our constitution and item 230-2 of our Criminal Law) in such a way as to protect the legitimate functions of a free Press while still protecting the reputation of individuals. In England, contempt of court has existed in the common law for many centuries to protect the administration of justice against interference of any kind. Contempt of Court Act 1981 gave journalists greater protection against being held liable for unintentional contempt because of the danger of prejudice in a particular case. Without having such act, Japanese journalists must try to report with the decencies. We consider "The presumption of innocence" - a man is presumed to be innocent until he is proved guilty - to be the outstanding principle of a modern criminal law. Crime reporting can and will be changed as people's awareness of human rights improves.

Shiomi,Kenzaburo 1986 Crime News Reporting and the Press Ombudsman (II Problems of Crime Reporting in Mass Media). No.11 pp.79-99.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Crime news often poses problems of undue damage to peace and integrity of the people involved. Particularly true in our society where competitive media swarm over whatever topic (or scandal) they sniff out and almost one-ethnic nation of a hundred million population of one language, one time (GMT) and of virtually one life-style well sup on headlines passed over into the door of each house. The year 1985 was characterized by our mass media having reached a new depth in combing out scandals, murders and accident bloodsheds, too deep and too derogatory. Reporters' pushing too far recoiled on itself. Mr.Asano, a reporter at the Kyodo News Agency, voiced a call for more decency in reporting. He referred to Scandinavian "anonymity reporting" and Press council/Ombudsman system. Asano's point was supported by many fellow news-men, lawyers, academics as well as by lay citizens. They initiated a movement to improve the present system of mass media. There is another problem for us to sift out. The government policy of "non-access to public documents," apparently undemocratic practices obstinately handed over from old regime, should be recalled. Establishment of the principle of free access to public documents provides a basis for a drastic change in the relations between the government and the media and between the media and the people�E�E�E�E�E�Efrom subordinative to equal relationships, because the press no longer "monopolize" the news-sources. Some examples of autonomous schemes of self-restraint on the part of mass media are reviewed : Ombudsman of the Washington Post and other United States newspapers, and Swedish Press Ombudsman and Press Council. They are not legal entities, their decisions being publicized by virtue of agreement with mass media. They accept complaints, investigate those worthy of attention, and then take steps to remedy the problems �E�E�E�E�E�E"intercession, conciliation, or, in extremes, publicizing professional misconduct in order to force improvement. The word publicizing means to let both newsrporters, editors and the readers know what is right and what is wrong. They all need improved recognition�E�E�E�E�E�Ea sure method to control the problem.

Matui,C. 1986 Tends of the Literature of Human Rights and Crime Reporting (II Problems of Crime Reporting in Mass Media). No.11 pp.100-109.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Fukuda,Ikuo 1986 The Juvenile Firesetters, Today and Hereafter. No.11 pp.112-130.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper presents some trends of juvenile firesetters in Japan. We know the juvenile firesetting has not become yet one of great social problems as it is in the United States. But there may be some factors which generate increased arson cases. The following are several characteristic and qualitative changes in juvenile firesetting in the past 10 years. Statistically speaking, about 1 % of all juvenile arsonists are psychoses, and this rate is still decreasing. In contrast, arsonists aged 14 and 15, are increasing. At present, they amount to 45-50 % of all juvenile firesetters. An interesting fact is that more than 50 % of kid accomplices who committed arson were aged 14 and 15. In a socio-economical point of view, juvenile firesetters belong to the lower class more often compared with other kinds of delinquency. In the United States, it is reported that most juvenile firesetters are from the middle class. The trend in Japan is in contrast with that in the United States. The auther has arrived at the following conclusions. Very few young arsonists suffer mental diseases. Most of them are normal through troubled. The younger firesetters may increase in future. They may set fire as accomplices in the crime. In order to understand increasing younger arsonists, analysis of the symbolic meaning of flame and the motivation to set fire will offer more important clue.

Iwasaki,Masakazu 1986 Classification of Japanese Prefectures in Terms of the Main Crime Indices Using a Log-linear Model. No.11 pp.131-150.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Recently the crime phenomenon was analyzed quantitatively by some co-operative researches between statisticians and criminological researchers, particularly in U.S.A. This movement might be natural from the recent view of the notable development of new statist/ical procedures. Although there are many approaches to criminal research, the method employed in this paper was statistical and should be compatible with traditional forms of research. First, we analyzed the change of main crimes in Japan after World War II using a Log-linear model which is a fairly new statistical procedure. Secondly, we made the time pattern of the change of each prefecture and classified the 47 prefectures into groups in terms of the similarity of the pattern. As a result of the analysis, we found the phenomenon of the change as follows : Felonious and violent crimes tended to decrease, but larceny and intellectual crimes showed a tendency to increase. That is, the weight of the main crime has changed from felonious and violent crimes to theft and intellectual crimes. Finally, we classified each brefecture into 5 groups by the time pattern of the change as follows : [Year] (1954)��(1966)��(1974)��(1984) Class 1 (Complex pattern)��(Rape, Assault, Injury)��(Theft)��(Theft) Class 2 (Complex pattern)��(Rape, Assault, Injury) or (Rape, Assault)��(Theft) or (no feature)��(Fraud) Class 3 (Complex pattern)��(Rape, Assault, Injury)��(Theft)��(Theft, Fraud) Class 4 (Complex pattern)��(Assault, Injury) or (Injury, Theft) or (Rape, Assault, Injurj)��(Assault) or (Theft) or (Assault, Theft)��(Theft) or (Embezzlement) or (Theft, Embezlement) Class 5 (Theft, Embezzlement)��(Robbery, Arson, Assault, Injury, Fraud)��(Robbery, Rape, Assault, Injury)��(Theft)

Mugikura,Tetsu 1986 The speciality and diversity of the "Hodo-Itakusaki" : Private Guidance Home for Delinquant Boys. No.11 pp.151-174.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The Family Court can entrust delinquent boys to Hodo-Itakusaki, according to the process of juvenile justice (The Japanese Juvenile Law, art. 25). Of Course, it is necessary for such a decision to be based on a reasonable judgement. The trustee (master of Hodo-Itakusaki) protects and guides boys for the restoration of their sound daily lives. In case guidance in Hodo-Itakusaki is successfully completed, the boys don't generally need treatment in a refomatory. This paper aims to describe the present state of Hodo-Itakusaki, from the viewpoint of its speciality and diversity. Most of the data used are based on interviews with the four trustees. 1. Hodo-Itakusakies have specialities in some respects in overall jevenile protection system. (1) Delinquent boys must leave their usual living conditions when they are entrusted to Hodo-Itakusakies, and very often they can get out of their pathological living conditions. (2) The boys come to lead regular lives under the guidance of trustees. (3) Trustees treat boys individually and understand each boy's way of thinking. (4) Trustees guide boys with positive guidance programs. (5) The goal of this guidance by Hodo-Itakusakies is to make boys lead stable lives in their new living conditions. For example, most boys individually need to get jobs suitable for them. 2. There is diversity in Hodo-Itakusakies. Itakusakies are different from each other in some respects, to meet diversity of boys' needs. (1) Itakusakies vary in the capacity and the composition of their staff, although the maximum capacity of each Itakusaki is 20 boys. (2) Each Itakusaki has a unique evironment and living facilities. Some Itakusakies are located in cities, others in places closer to nature. (3) Each Itakusaki has its own image of a boy who will fit its programs and lives, and as long as boys are suitably selected and entrusted, the guidance for boys generally yield goods effects. (4) Each Itakusaki has its own concrete guidance program. It provides boys with opportunities to reflect on themselves in some cases, train themselves in others. There are the speciality and the diversity in Hodo-Itakusakies. If these resources are effectively and appropriately applied, the role of the Hodo-Itakusaki in total juvenile justice system will become increasingly important.

Hata,Masaharu 1986 Structure of Bullying Problem and Educational Pathology in School System. No.11 pp.175-198.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Bullying is not only educational problem but also serious societal problem at present. Contemporary bullying problem is characterized by bullying the weaker in groups. In addition, some forms of bullying tend to become more wicked and criminal obviously. Recently, there are cases in which bullied juveniles committed suicide. Based upon these contemporary tendencies concerning bullying problem, this paper analyzes the primary factor of bullying. Moreover, the problem of educational process in school which affects the bullying is distussed in a viewpoint of educational pathology. The results are as follows : (1) There are two types of deviant behaviors, bullying and non-bullying (see Figure 2). Bullying deviant behavior type is characterized by a series of bullying acts as a matter of course. This type is relevant to defiant attitudes toward class teacher. On the other hand, non-bullying type is characterized by criminal acts and absence of bullying. (2) Bullying is related to the defiant attitude toward class teacher, as previously stated. For example, juveniles who commit the bullying speak in of their class teachers behind their back (see Table 1). Consequently, it stands to reason that bullying is caused by juveniles' distrust of class teachers (see Table 2). (3) The structure of human relations in a classroom forms the background of bullying among juveniles. In every classroom, there are a few juveniles disliked by all other classmates. Classmates turn a cold shoulder on, and bully these isolated members in various ways. That is to say, the juvenile is entirely alienated and bullied by the rest of his/her classmates (see Figure 5). (4) As a result of Hayashi's quantification method of the first type the most influential variable of bullying is an attitude toward a class teacher, and then breach of school regulations (see Table 4). As to a variable of suffering the bully, the primary factor is immaturity in mentality (see Table 5). (5) Simply stated, bullying problem is a pathological phenomenon of school education, because the problem reflects mutually distrustful relationships between class teachers and juveniles. However, it is necessary to interpret positively this fact. We need to investigate desirable relationship structure between class teachers and juveniles in order to eradicate bullying.

Oda,K. 1986 Coping with the Change of Criminality in Social Transition. No.11 pp.199-207.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Miyazawa,S. 1986 From Trens of Research Studies on Sociological Criminology in the U.S.A.. No.11 pp.208-217.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Araki,Nobuyoshi 1987 The Concept and Function of Status Offense(Symposium:The Concept and Realities of Pre-Delinquency). No.12 pp.4-22.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This article has three purposes; to clear 1) the concept of status offense, 2) the borderline and the relationship between status offender and juvenile offender, and 3) these between status offender and trifling juvenile delinquent. Article 3.1 (3) of the Juvenile Law (1948) provides two conditions, with which Family Court may have jurisdiction over the status offenders. The first one is composed of four kinds of behavior, and it is better than having nothing like this (cf. the former Juvenile Law (1922) Art. 4 (1)). Though, their connotation and denotation are too vague to work as the effective restriction for the fundamental human rights. The second one is the status offender's proneness to commit a crime. But, because of the technical reasons, to make the exact prediction of the future criminal action is almost impossible still now. So, the prediction seems to be the one based on the common sense only, and its persuasion depends, not on the result of scientific investigations, but on the ability shaping the documentary evidence. Protective measures are taken according not to the gravity of the crime, but to the necessity of protection, and the Family Court pre-sentence investigators, whose fields are sociology, psychology, or pedagogy, work just for this purpose. So, the necessity of protection is the third condition, and its meaning should be the effectiveness of correctional treatment, and the worthiness of protection. In 1985, among the 291,789 persons dealt with protective procedures at the Family Court, status offenders were only 4,560 persons (1.6%). As to the status offender, the ratio of protective measures was 22.1% higher than that for the total, and among them the ratio of committal to Juvenile Training School was 12.9% higher than that for the total. It is said that the necessity of protection of status offender is greater than that of juvenile offender. But, only the status offenders with the greatest necessity of protection are selected to be referred or informed by the juvenile police. Trifling juvenile delinquents, whose behavior was almost the same as the status offenders', and whom the juvenile police did not need to refer or inform to the Family Court or the Child Guidance Center, were 1,477,134 persons in 1985. In accordance with the increase of the juvenile police case-workers, the declining tendency of the number of status offender will continue.

Ishikawa,Emiko 1987 Pre-Delinquency and Some Problems on its Application(Symposium:The Concept and Realities of Pre-Delinquency). No.12 pp.23-46.

Language: JPN
Abstract: I examined what kind of concrete behaviors were stipulated as predelinquency in its concept. I'll leave abstract discussion on the concept of pre-delinquency to the scholars and judges. I also tried to clarify, from a variety of data, whether or not difference between pre-delinquent and a similar concept of "misdemeanor juvenile" (Furyo-koi Shonen) devised by the police was obvious enough. I learned: If a misdemeanor juvenile has committed any one of such behaviors as runaway from home, drug addiction, violence and fight, he is probably considered to be a pre-delinquent. And when the misdemeanor juvenile under the police guidance is regarded as having rehabilitated himself, he is not probably refferred to the Family Court as a pre-delinquent. (It is obvious that the police decides whether the juveniles are pre-delinquents or not.) The exsisting Juvenile Law has inadequacies regarding pre-delinquency. The followings will exemplify the exhibited problems; 1. Many pre-delinquents are sent to the Family Court escorted by the police (The police actually takes charge of them and escort them to the Family Court on the pretext that they go together voluntarily). 2. The pre-delinquents are referred to the Detention House in so many cases. This comes because some judges decide by themselves without hearing the research secretary (of the family court)' opinions. 3. Police officers often want to visit the juveniles confined in the Detention House for the purpose of information-gathering. 4. Further, there is no legal controle when the police try to find pre-delinquents. There is no legal basis when the police guide the pre-delinquents and misdemeanor juveniles, either. Something must be done immediately to cope with these circumstances from the view point of juveniles' (fundamental) human rights.

Hayami,Hirosi 1987 The Realities and Protection of Pre-Delinquents(Symposium:The Concept and Realities of Pre-Delinquency). No.12 pp.47-66.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Advocacy of human rights free from authoritative powers has been more intensified recently. The standpoint of protection of such human rights often tends to maintain that the regulations of pre-delinquency violate juveniles' human rights through their abusive application. It is right in part. Overemphasis of this risk, however, may overlook another fact that these regulations at the same time defend juveniles from factors which may deteriorate their lives. Consequently, socially handicapped boys and girls will be deprived of their human rights in dual senses: First, through the damage by social handicap; second, by being neglected in the community. The regulations and application of them are by no means without any problems. This article, however, attempted to show their validity from the latter aspect of protecting juveniles' human rights against harmful social factors, through presentation of a pre-delinquent's case and statistics related to pre-delinquency.

Tateyama,Tatsuhiko 1987 Correctional Treatment in Prisons and Private Prisons in the United States. No.12 pp.68-84.

Language: JPN
Abstract: When we take a look at the Crime Index, when it compares the crime rate of 1985 with 1975, we find that forcible rape has increased by 55.7%, aggravated assault by 49.2%, larceny-theft by 15.9%, motor vehicle theft by 10.2% and robbery by 7%. In contrast, murder has decreased by 8.1% and burglary has decreased by 6.8%. As the result, prison and jail populations have doubled in a past decade. U.S. jail population was 234,500 in 1985... a new record and a 46% increase in only six years. In. the case of California, the prison population was 20,345 in 1976 but by 1985 rose to 47,075. Overcrowding has become the most serious problem in correctional treatment in the prisons. Folsom Prison, for example has had their educational program and vocational program severely influenced by its overcrowded situation. Wherever we go, we can find overcrowding in prisons and jails. In order to bring a solution of this kind of problem, a concept of private prisons has arisen. Private firms argue that they can operate detention facilities more economically and efficiently than the public sector. For example, Corrections Corporation of America, which is one of the private firms, is coducting the management, leasing, development and ownership of prisons and other correction and detention facilities and institutions in the private sector as follows: 1. Bay County Jail, (196-bed jail) Panama City, Florida 2. Bay County Jail Workcamp/Jail Annex, (174-bed) Panama City, Florida 3. Houston INS, (350-bed facility for illegal aliens for the U.S. Dept. of Immigration and Naturalization Service) Houston, Texas 4. Laredo Processing Center, (208-bed facility for illegal aliens) Laredo, Texas 5. Silverdale, (360-bed men's workhouse and women's jail) Chattanooga, Tennessee 6. Shelby Training Center, (150-bed secure juvenile training Center) Memphis, Tennessee 7. Tall Trees, (48-bed juvenile home) Memphis, Tennessee 8. Santa Fe County Detention Facility, (133-bed jail) Santa Fe, New Mexico 9. Fayetteville Community Treatment Center, (24-bed halfway house for Federal Bureau of Prisons) Fayetteville, North Carolina

Takemura,Noriyoshi 1987 Rinascimento della criminologia italiana? : Saggio politico-economico sulla colonizzazione del campo di liberta e sicurezza civile e sullo sviluppo della criminologia critica in Italia. No.12 pp.85-104.

Language: JPN
Abstract: In Italia il campo della criminologia e stato fino ad anni recenti monopolizzato dalle tesi positivistiche e soprattutto ha avuto un processo di elaborazione e di ricerca quasi del tutto separate dalla sociologia. Ma dalla seconda meta degli anni cinquanta che alcune ricerche sociologiche studiano criminalita e devianza attraverso un modello interpretative che privilegia le cause sociali della criminalita. Sviluppando il modello della emarginazione sociale e il modello della reazione sociale, inoltre introducendo il punto di vista che privilegia le fasi politico-economiche della criminalita, oggi la criminologia critica che e stata sviluppata dal gruppo dell' Universita di Bologna dalla meta degli anni settanta forma il campo peculiare; una ricerca della possibilita di costruire "una politica criminale per il movimento operaio." Questo lavolo, fissando l'attenzione su questa tendenza, all'inizio, ricerca i fattori politico-economici che hanno fatto inevitable un aumento della criminologia critica attraverso il metodo in cui il processo di sviluppo della criminologia italiana per uno secolo passato e situate nel processo di mutamento della situazione socio-economica in Italia e e connesso al mutamento della struttura sociale. Poi, assumendo questo lavolo, caratterizziamo l'originalita, cioe l'ipotesi e la costruzione della teoria criminologica del gruppo di Bologna che ha esercitato una grand' influenza sulla nuova criminologia recentemente e esaminiamo l'analisi che questo gruppo ha condotto sulla situazione di sviluppo della politica penale/criminale in Italia. Alia fine descriviamo la situazione problematica teorico-pratica della criminologia critica che affronta le offese duplici: da un lato una minaccia per la liberta e la sicurezza civile causata dalla frequenza dei terrorismi, dall'altro uno sviluppo della politica di "legge e ordine" contro questa minaccia. Oggi in Italia la questione criminale e fatta il punto strategico di controllo sociale dal stato e "la colonizzazione del campo di liberta e sicurezza civile" sta avanzando costantememte attraverso la politica di "legge e ordine" stata iniziata dalle legislazioni contro i terrorismi. Nella situazione in cui la conoscenza di necessita che dobbiamo affrontare questa tendenza di involuzione sta aumentando, la criminologia critica non ha potuto sviluppare "una politica criminale alternativa" effettiva nella qualita di strategia pratica. Sotto questa situazione di crisi, la esistenza stessa della criminologia critica e messa in questione. Dunque al presente siamo premuto dalla necessita che riesaminiamo le ipotesi e la base costrutiva di questa teoria.

Akaike,Kazumasa 1987 Le debat sur privatisation des prisons en France: 1986-1987 : la politique penale entre deux strategies politiques. No.12 pp.105-124.

Language: JPN
Abstract: On peut dire que le passage francais d'une penologie traditionnelle enfermee dans sa cloture penitentiaire a une sociologie des penalites a ete marque par des travaux varies s'attachant aux mecanismes de criminalisation primaire ou secondaire. Il s'agit de l'interactionisme en criminologie francaise qui voit le meeanisme de controle sociale comme pouvoir et domination. Cette perspective est opposee a celle structural-fonctionaliste qui voit la deviance comme un dysfonctionnement du controle. Mais, en meme temps elle va a l'encontre de l'acceptation, courante en criminologie japonaise, de l'interactionisme qui s'est concretise dans les recherches sur le fonctionnement selectif de la justice penale et sur la recidive. Alors que les crimilogues japonais sont aujourd'hui en passe d'abandonner l'interactionisme sans avoir prig conscience du changement profond qu'il a entraine en criminologie, l'interactionisme francais aborde les analyses des niveaux intermediaires entre la formation de la societe et les produits des mecanismes penaux, comme celui du debat public, celui du para-oet peripenale ainsi que celui de l'administration de la justice penale. Cette serie de variables intermediaires est susceptible de rendre compte de la forme specifique de la justice penale dans son contexte historique. Or, en France, le debat qui a ete suscite par le projet de loi dit de privatisation des prisons a finalement aboutit au plan de construction et de gestion par l'Etat de nouveaux etablissements penitentiaires. Ceci est un theme adapte au cadre d'analyse qu'amene l'interactionisme francais. On ne peut en ignorer les variables intermediaires que les doctrines traditionnelles de penologie mettent a l'ecart. Ces variables ont toutefois defini la reponse specifique a la crise penitentiaire en France aujourd'hui. Ce sont les deux strategies politiques (gouvernementale et presidentielle) qui apparaissent sous le regime dit de cohabitation. C'est la raison pour laquelle l'auteur a choisi ce theme. D'autre part, il semble necessaire d'analyser les mecanismes intermediares japonais. En effet, par exemple, alors que l'on n'admet, au Japon, aucune crise penitentiaire, on discute le projet de loi qui permet d'utiliser les etablissements policiers a la place des maisons d'arret dont la construction massive est un des objets principaux en France du debat sur la privatisation des prisons. Sans connaitre ces mecanismes intermediaires qui definissent le contexte et la direction du debat penologique, on se content toujours de la securite japonaise qui ne serait plus le sujet du debat criminologique.

Yoder,Robert S. 1987 Educational Career and Misconduct of Youth in Two Japanese Suburban Communities. No.12 pp.125-140.

Language: ENG
Abstract: �{�e��,�_�ސ쌧��̑ΏƓI��2�̒n��ɋ��Z��Ă��鏭�N��ɃC�\�^�r��[��s�Ȃ�,�ނ�̋��ɂ��,�s�Ǎs�ׂ̃p�^�[��r��̂ł��.�{�e�ł�,��2�̒n��u��v�Ɓu�k�v�ƌĂԂ��Ƃɂ��.�Ⴆ��,�Љ�o�ϓI�ɒ��̉��̊K�w�ɑ��l�X��߂�n��(��)�ɋ��Z��Ă��鏭�N��ɂ��Ă�,��̏�̊K�w�̐l�X�̏Z�ޒn��(�k)�̏��N��ɔ��,�s�Ǎs�ׂ̕��ύs�׉񐔂��ɑ��,�Ƃ��Ƃ��ɂ��Ė��炩�Ƃ��Ă��.��̓�Ɩk�̏��N��̕s�Ǎs�׌o��̍��̊�ɂ�,��Ɨ��e�̎Љ�K�w�I�w�i��ݏo��w��̎��̍��p��Ă��ƍl��.��Ɩk,2�̏��N�W�c��ʊw��Ă��邻�ꂼ��̒��w�Z��,�e�n��₻�̎��Ӓn��̎Љ�o�ϓI��𔽉f��̂ƂȂ��Ă��.��̏��N��S��,��r�p��w�Z�֒ʂ�,��ɑ΂�,�k�̏��N��͕��Ȓ��w�Z��邢�͎��̕t��w�Z�ɒʂ��Ă��.��̏��N��,�k�̏��N��ɔ�r��,�w�Ɛ��т͒Ⴍ,��l�ő��ʂȊw�Z��Ă��.��ʂƂ��,�k�̏��N�ł�,��w�i�w��̗��჉�\�N�̍��Z��Ǝ҂�15�p�[�Z�\�g�ł��Ȃ��̂ɑ΂�,��̏��N�ł�,��ꂪ40�p�[�Z�\�g�ɂ��B��Ă��.�Ⴆ��,�჉�\�N�̍��Z�̐��k��,��̎҂��s�Ǎs�ׂ𓭂�,��̉񐔂��.��჉�\�N�̍��Z�ł�,��\�N�̊w�Z��萶�k��Ǘ��.��̂��Ƃ��܂�,�჉�\�N�̍��Z�̑��̏��N��𔽍R��,�s�Ǎs�ׂւƑ��点�錴��Ƃ��Ȃ��Ă��.�w�Z�̃��N�͂܂�,��N��̍ŏI�w��̓��B��Ɋ֘A��.��\�N�̍��Z�֒ʂ��N��̔��w�ɐi�w��̂ɑ΂�,�჉��N�̍��Z�̏��N��ł�,�킸��w�i�w�҂��Ȃ��.��ɂ��̏�,�k�̏��N��̑��,��w�ɐi�w��݂̂Ȃ炸,�o�g�ƒ낪�Љ�o�ϓI�ɖL��ł��邱�Ƃ��,��Ɏ��Ƒ�̍��E�Ɗw�Z(��w�Z)�ւ��ɒʊw��Ă��̂ł��.�{�e��,�ȏ�̗l�Ȏ��ɑ΂�,��x��\�O��_��K�p��,��_�Â��.��{�̎Љ�ɂ��Ă�,��Â��ɂ��Љ�I��,��K�w�̏��N��̒ʂ��w�Z�ɑ΂��p��Ă��.��ȎЉ�I��,��N�̕s�Ǎs�ׂ݂̂Ȃ炸,��̓��{�Љ�𕢂��A�T�Ȋw��𐶂��v�Ȍ��Ɛ��Ă��,�ƍl�@��.

Yokoyama,Minoru 1987 Change of Characters of Juvenile Delinquents : Comparative Study of Japan and South Korea. No.12 pp.141-158.

Language: ENG
Abstract: ��{�Ɗ؍��̔�s��N�ɂ��,��r��Ȃ��͂��߂Ƃ��,��̌��̓��v�̕��͂��Ȃ��.��̓��v��p��r��ɂ�,��̖��_��݂��Ă��.��,��{�Ɗ؍��̔�r��,��Ԃ̂��Ɣ�ׂ�,��̖��_��,��y��ł��Ǝv��.��̂Ȃ��,��{�Ɗ؍��Ƃ̊Ԃɂ�,��v�쐬�̕��@,�@��ɂ��ƍ߂̒�`��,�ގ��݂��邩��ł��.��̓��v�ɂ��,��{�ł�,1970�N��̌㔼��1980�N��O��ɂ��,�l��̔�s��N�̔䗦��債�Ă��.��̊�,��l��N��N�̔ƍ߂�,��Ȃ炸��Ă��Ȃ�.��̂�,�N��N�ɂ��y��Ȕƍ߂ł��.��̂悤�Ȕƍ߂̐��,��@�ւ̊��@��ɂ��,�ȒP�ɑ��.��ň��Ƃ��ꂽ��s��,�Љ��@��,��Ɍx�@��,�⓱��ь��̊��߂�,��炳�ꂽ�̂ł��낤.�؍��ɂ��Ă�,��Ɠ��ۂ��ł��낤��.�؍��ł�,1970�N��,��x�o�ϐ��}��.��̊�,��l�̔ƍߗ��,��N�̂��,�Ƃ��ɑ��Ă��.��N��Ƃ��ƍ߂̓��ł�,��{�ɔ�ׂ�,�\�͔Ƃ̔䗦��.�g��ʂł�,�w��̔䗦��܂��Ƃ͂��,��E��3��1��߂Ă��.�o�Ϗ�Ԃł�,��w�K��̎҂�9��߂��߂Ă��.�N��ʂł�,18�`19�΂̔N��N��,��߂��ƂȂ��Ă��.��̓��v��,��̓��ǂ݂Ƃ��ł�,�؍��̎Љ��@�ւ�,��l��N��N�̔ƍ߂̏��,�ǂ��Ă��悤�ł��.��{�ōŋߌ��Ă��悤�Ȍ��ۂ�,�؍��ɂ��ċ߂��ɐ��Ƃ�,��Ȃ��悤�ł��.

Nanbu,A. 1987 A Review of Studies on Participation of the Public in the Prevention and Control of Crime(Communications). No.12 pp.159-163.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Sawanobori,T. 1987 On the 11th International Congress of Social Defence(Communications). No.12 pp.164-169.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Iwai,H. 1988 Movement of the Field of Sociological Criminology. No.13 pp.4-10.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Hogetsu,Makoto 1988 Toward a Study of Organizational Deviance (Studies of "Organizational Crime"). No.13 pp.12-18.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The author thinks the importance of a study of organizational or white-collar deviance willincrease in our society. The main topics of this study are the following : 1. What kind of organizational or white-collar activities are defined as deviance by the meaningful world? 2. Types of regulation and analysis of their effects ; 3. Analysis of the conditions and processes of becoming organizational or white-collar deviants ; 4. How does the organizational or white-collar crime influence our social life in terms of its innovation or stagnation? 5. Social responsibility of an organization and its leaders. In order to study these agenda deeply, it is not enough to rely on the traditional deviance theories. We have to mobilize organization theories or political power models and develop the theoretical perspectives which will be able to realize the basic processes of social life.

Itakura,Hiroshi 1988 A Review of Studies on Organizational Crime : Subject of "Kigyososhikitai-sekininron (Organization Theory of Corporate Criminal Liability)" (Studies of "Organizational Crime"). No.13 pp.19-41.

Language: JPN
Abstract: 1. An organizational crime is different from "organized crime." An organized crime is a collective crime of illegal groupe of individuals, while an organizational crime is an illegal activity of an organization. A gang crlme is an example of an organized crime. A corporate crime is an organizational crime. A corporation is an organization. It is a legal entity. It exists independent of any given individual who may occupy a given role or position within a corporate structure. A corporate crime is an organizational crime, but is not an "occupational crime" committed by a white-collar worker-Edwin Sutherland entitled his famous treatise "White Collar Crime" (1949/1961), but in actuality he studied a corporate crime. An occupational crime is an individual crime. The distinction between occupational crime and organizational crime is as follows. An occupational crime is committed by an agent (employee) against the organization (corporation), while an organizational crime (a corporate crime) is committed on behalf of the organization (corporation). Embezzlement committed by a managerial agent is an example of an occupational crime. Examples of organizational crimes are anti-trust violations and environmental pollution. 2. The Kigyososhikitai-sekininron (organization theory of corporate criminal liabilily) is used to regulate an organizational behaviour of a corporation through criminal sanction. The main points of this theory are as follows. First, this theory observes organizational behaviours of corporation as a whole. Second the theory examines the illegality and culpability of individual acts of agents of organization (include a chief executive officer and a president), noticing their roles in illegal (deviant) organizational behaviours of the corporation. An activity of a corporation is an organizational behaviour, so it is irrational to dissolve a corporate activity into individual acts of its agents. Although the costs of corporate (organizational) crimes are staggering, little theoretical or empirical work was done on the topic of a corporate (organizational) crime in Japan. Kigyososhikitai-sekininron has been developed as a new theoretical strategy for corporate crime control. Kigyososhikitai-sekininron matches the characteristics of Japanese corporation (the Kaisha). This theory is beginning to penetrate the judicial practice-some examples are Morinaga Powdered Milk Case and Minamata Disease Case. 3. In Japanese corporation (kaisha), internal self-regulation is not so effective. Enforced Self-regulation (John Braithwaite) does not work. A criminal sanction is indispensable for regulation of an organizational deviant behaviour, but a criminal law system against an organizational crime is not sufficient. So new legislation based on "Kigyososhikitai-sekininron" is required. Organization theory in the field of sociology or sociological criminology is necessitated for reconstruction of a corporate criminal law system.

Yamanaka,I. 1988 Present Conditions and Problems on Organizational Crimes : Through a View on Crime of Japanese Civil Servants (Studies of "Organizational Crime"). No.13 pp.42-60.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Hiraoka,Yoshikazu 1988 Task Environment and Regulatory Environment as the Cause of Collusion : Toward an Integrated Analytical Framework of Organizational Crime (Studies of "Organizational Crime"). No.13 pp.61-79.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper attempts to integrate two approaches - one by organization theory and another by control theory - in the study of organizational crime. For this purpose, the author would like to analyse the organizational factors and the regulatory ones in collusion, and to explain the correlations between them. "Cartel mind", the motive of collusion, is the function of two variables : the utility of collusion and its guilty consciousness. The utility of collusion is determined by its benefit and cost. They vary with two factors in the task environment of collusive firms. The first factor is the incentive of collusion that relates with its benefit. The incentive consists partly of the gaps between the goals and achievements of these collusive firms and partly of the uncertainty to achieve their goals. The second factor is the conditions which promote firms to collude ; and these conditions relate with the cost of collusion. They consist of the similarity of products and each share of collusive firms, and of their information cost. The information cost is determined by three elements : (1) The number of collusive firms, (2) their concentration ratio, and (3) the existence of industrial groups. Furthermore, regulatory environment relates to task environment. The industrial policies of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) change the state of task environment, and consequently influence the benefit and cost of collusion. The regulation of the Fair Trade Commission (FTC) also affects its cost.Moreover, "cartel mind" varies with the guilty consciousness of collusion. Whether the policies of MITI and FTC are permissive to collusion, is very influential to this guilty consciousness. Past experiences of collusion of the industry are also important to that factor. In this paper, these correlations between organizational and regulatory factors are examined by a case study of collusions in oil industry, 1972-73. As a result, it makes clear that these two factors are indispensable to explain the formation of collusion which is a very important part of organizational crime.

Inoue,Mariko 1988 Studies of "Organizational Crime" in the U. S. A. (Studies of "Organizational Crime"). No.13 pp.80-100.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper reviews "organizational crime" studies in the U. S. A. The fundamental question in regard to "organizational crime" is whether organizational crime is really crime or not. Even though the violation of criminal law is called as crime conventionally, we may call organizational crime as crime when it fulfils two criteria which were submitted by E. H.Sutherland : Legal description of an act as socially harmful and legal provision of a penalty for the act. Therefore various civil and administrative law violations fall under the category of crime. The studies are divided into two categories : the studies on criminogenic factors in organization and studies on regulation of organizational crime. The studies on criminogenic factors in organization are classified as follows : A. Organizational structure A-1 organizational norms A-2 fragmentalization of information and responsibility in organizational role system A-3 goal rationality of organization B. Adaptation of organization to environments B-1 passive adaptation B-2 active adaptation The main issue of "criminogenic factors in organization" has moved from "organizational structure" to "adaptation of organization to environments". Furthermore, in the particular field of "adaptation of organization to environments", "active adaptation" approach becomes the main trend. In "active adaptation" approach, organization is regarded as an active subject which creates favorable or "adaptable" environments in contrast with "passive adaptation" approach which thinks organizational structure as defined by environments. Generally speaking, study on criminogenic factors in organization becomes combined with study on effectiveness of regulation. That is, intervention in organizational structure turns out to be appropriate for regulation especially against corporate organizations. This paper examines this issue in details making reference to J. Braithwaite's and C. D. Stone's theories.

Doi,Takayoshi 1988 The Construction of Offender's Motive during Criminal Investigation and Prosecution. No.13 pp.102-121.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper studies the mechanism of the construction of an offender's motive during criminal investigation and prosecution as a statement by which to interpret his acts. Motives are constructed after the fact as interpretations of acts and are attributed to the actor. The criminal investigation and prosecution process adapts concrete offenses to abstract categories of crime. This process is a public ex post facto interpretation of offensive acts. Therefore an offender's motive is constructed during the criminal proceedings and is attributed to him. In other words, an offender's motive is not a psychological fact which existed at the empirical scene of the crime, but a product which is spun out of the communication between a representative of authority and a deviant actor. From this standpoint, the suspect's confession, the report of the criminal investigation and the trial in criminal court are analyzed. As an actor is an interpreter of his own acts, the confession of a motive by a suspect must be viewed not as venting a pre-existing psychological fact but as an attempt to account for his offensive conduct. This work is done under the case-solving-frame furnished by the investigator in the interrogation process, so the statement of motive constructed in this situation is constrained by the view of the authorities. Furthermore, the statement of motive fixed in the report of the investigation cannot be reduced to the suspect's past mental state at the scene of the crime, because the spoken words in the confession are transformed into written words in the report, and the information is limited by this conversion. Therefore the verdict in court is given not to the act itself but to the concept which was granted to it during the investigation. Since the offender's motive does not belong to the past empirical world, this verdict is actually a technical simplification of the multiple reality of the crime. The work of achieving a verdict is also a search for the motive of the suspect according to 'taken-for-granted ideas.' Thus the offender, an object attributed a deviant motive, comes to be categorized as the anonymous person type "criminal."

Ohba,Eri 1988 Visualization of Deviance : Transformation of a Criminal Case into News. No.13 pp.122-139.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper aims at considering the subjective aspect of news organization as a definer of deviance. This study is based on the research interviews with reporters and editors working in newspaper companies done in 1987. In this paper, news is viewed as a "social reality" constructed by news organization. The main purpose of this paper is to consider the structure and social meaning of the so-called criminal reporting, focusing on the process of news making activities. Firstly, news selection process is examined in view of articulating factors sustaining newsworthiness. Second, news work is analyzed in terms of organizational work and its relationships with the source organization. Finally, function of criminal reporting, that is, visualizing deviance by the media (newspaper) is discussed. Newsworthiness is a measure for selection of news, and the judgement is not only based on the action but also on the attributes and careers of the actor. News story as reality is constructed by news organization based on the definition by the source organization (the Police). In the process of news making, major social norm and value system are used so that the news story makes sense for the readers. Telling the boundary between deviance and control, news on "criminal case" legitimatize the police action and lead the readers to follow the ideology of the order of control.

Konishi,Yoshihiro 1988 Informal Justice and Its Critics : The State of 'Critical' Criminology. No.13 pp.140-156.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The emergence or reemergence of informal, decentralized alternatives to American courts for dispute resolution, both civil and criminal, is a highly complex and contradictory phenomenon. This 'informal justice' arose at a time of growing hostility toward professionals and bureaucrats, but it was sponsored or supported by them. Although it is said to be decentralized, its very decentralization is centrally controlled. Although it is said to be informal, it is actually created and constrained by highly formal rules and lines of authority. Informal justice is presented as a community's institution, but the'community' itself exists only in reformer's imagination. Ironically, at a time when actual communities were weakened to lose their traditional informal institutions, state officials, corporate leaders and legal reformers began to quest for a 'community'. As informal justice proliferates, some scholars challenge it. They criticize, among other things, its political character and ask questions about its contradictions, its structural relations to the state, and its meaning in the wider society. They argue that it is unnecessary, it is a failure in its own terms, it is sinister, or it is impossible. These criticisms, however, are true not only for this specific case of informal justice. They could be reproduced almost identically from the late 1970s' evaluations of decarceration, community control and diversion. At the core of their criticisms is the demystification that, on closer examinations, actual processes have turned out to be the opposite of alleged values and even the very key terms. Stranded by such a demystification, some 'critical' criminologists adopted a pessimistic view of any reform programs. At its extreme, misreading Foucault's influential work Discipline and Punish and captured by its images of 'all-surveilling Panopticon' or 'dispersal of discipline', they make up the concept of social control that is nothing more than George Orwell's 1984 or Terry Gilliam's Brazil. Such confusing state is, however, in part a product of the dominant approaches employed in the literature of 'critical' criminology, that is, functionalism, economic reductionism and the so-called 'net-widening' thesis.

Shima,Kazuhiro 1988 Political Elements in the Process of Deviance Construction. No.13 pp.157-176.

Language: JPN
Abstract: In this essay the author aimed mainly at exposing some hidden relations between "politics" and a crime. Studies of a crime and deviance, especially of positive criminology, have not concerned with political elements in the process of "making" of a crime and deviance. They have assumed that a crime and deviance are a priori apolitical phenomena. So the studies have been exclusively concerned with technical problems of how to treat dangerous criminals and deviants. But really there is an inevitable connection between a crime and politics. This issue was discussed by labelling theorists, especially by H. S. Becker, for the first time. So the author reviewed their discussions concerning this issue in brief and then tried to evaluate its implications. I think that it is very important and useful to reread labelling theory as a "Political Science". By doing so, we might be able to expand the concept of "politics" beyond a formal one and discover hidden connections between a crime and politics. In the last place, the author proposed to see social control activities not only in the formal reactions to a crime and deviance, but also in the sphere of our everyday life. For it is necessary to see repressive nature of our everyday life world in order to find political aspects of a crime and deviance.

Tamura,M. 1988 The Drug Problems in the U. S. A.. No.13 pp.177-183.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Sato,Tsuneko 1989 A Study on the Family Situations of Prisoners(The Criminal and the Family). No.14 pp.4-22.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Koyanagi,Takeshi 1989 The Family as a Deterrence Factor of Crime(The Criminal and the Family). No.14 pp.23-41.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Shimada,Yukio 1989 Family Posterior to Delinquency(The Criminal and the Family). No.14 pp.42-56.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Mochizuki,Takashi 1989 How to Approach the Criminal and the Family(The Criminal and the Family). No.14 pp.57-69.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Yoshida,Takashi 1989 The Development and Problem of Control Theory of Criminolgy in the U.S.A.. No.14 pp.72-89.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Kuzuno,Hiroyuki 1989 One Problem of The Guidance for Bad Behaviour Juveniles : Based on Interviews Conducted in Fukui City. No.14 pp.90-108.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Hayami,Hiroshi 1989 Theory of "Generalization of Delinquency" Reconsidered : Transition from the Theory of Broken Home to the Theory of Mother's Over-attachment to Child and towards Integration of Both Theory. No.14 pp.109-128.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Sasaki,Mitsuaki 1989 The Juvenile Police the Regulation for Organic Solvent Abuse. No.14 pp.129-141.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Harada,Y 1989 Recent Developments in Longitudinal Studies of Crime in the United States. No.14 pp.142-151.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Kikuta,K / Kakusho,T 1989 The Present Condition of Juvenile Delinquency in China. No.14 pp.152-158.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Oh,Young-Keun 1989 The Renovation of the Community Treatment in Korea. No.14 pp.159-165.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Tokuoka,Kazuhiko 1990 The Crime and the Safety(Contemporary Perspectives for Understanding Crime and Delinquency). No.15 pp.4-17.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Ohba,Eri 1990 Social Construction of "Felonious Crime" Image in Mass Media(Contemporary Perspectives for Understanding Crime and Delinquency). No.15 pp.18-33.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Itoh,Y 1990 (Contemporary Perspectives for Understanding Crime and Delinquency). No.15 pp.34-49.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Suzuki,Shingo 1990 Characteristics and the Police's Treatment of Intial-type Delinquency(Contemporary Perspectives for Understanding Crime and Delinquency). No.15 pp.50-65.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Tatsuno,Bunri 1990 A Simulation Analysis of Community-Based Treatment. No.15 pp.68-85.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Kusumoto,Takashi 1990 Constitution and evolution of the concept "defence of legal order" in criminal code of West Germany. No.15 pp.86-103.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Terado,Ryoji 1990 Study of Crime History. No.15 pp.104-118.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Tsukitari,Kazukiyo 1990 Life Insurance Murder in Japan. No.15 pp.119-133.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Miyazawa,Setsuo 1990 Developments in Quantitative Comparative Criminology and Agenda for Japanese Criminologists. No.15 pp.134-147.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Tsutomi,Hiroshi 1990 Issues in American Criminology : A Tale from a Seminar in Criminology at the University of Wisconsin Madison. No.15 pp.148-154.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Sakata,J 1990 Victim of Crime Investigation 1988 : 1, National Swedish Council for Crime Prevention (Brotisoffer, Bra utredning 1998, 1). No.15 pp.155-159.

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Abstract

Nishimura,Haruo 1991 Criminology for Safety-making and Consumers : An Introduction ("Sefety" of Japan's Society and Criminological Study). No.16 pp.4-16.

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Abstract: Japan has low crime rate according to crime statistics and a victim survey as well. Japan seems to be a safe country as far as the crime rate is concerned. This does not mean that there is no need of the discussion on safety in criminology. Two reflective questions are raised : (1) Is there any unsafe element in the social structure of Japan's contemporary society? (2) Does the introduction of the concept of safety in criminology make an impact on the nature of criminology? The former question is relevant to the subject of empirical researches. Safety is the world-taken-for-granted for most Japanese people including lawyers and criminologists. Some prudent criminologists hold that this world-taken-for-granted should be changed to the world-inviting-an-exploration. The safety of Japan should be revisited. For an answer of the latter we have to hold a theoretical discussion on the concept of safety and a merit or demerit of the introduction of this concept into criminology. There are slight differences of meaning among prevention of crime, reduction in crime, and safety from crime. The safety is a more value-oriented concept than both the prevention and reduction, though all preventive measures are not accepted in terms of the liberty of the people. The safety from crime is defined as a sum of resources and efforts invested in avoiding personal danger of crime. That danger, however, extends to those occurring in various aspects of our modern life. Note that criminologists who pose political and cultural problems in their discussion should make mention of the danger of economic inequality, oppression, rejection of freedom, and loss of fairness. The use of the safety will stimulate a broad and important discussion on a liberal or conservative way of thinking about social control. The use of the safety concept will also help the criminology shift from "a criminal-centered or the governing-class-centered disciplille" to "the one for support for victims, consumers, and the people." Criminology must be concerned with people's quality of life as well as a breach of criminal laws. The following three articles indicate what three authors presented at a symposium on Safety and Its Price in the 1990 annual meeting of the Japanese Association of Sociological Criminology. In the first paper Mr. Kawabe takes a careful look at the state of the Japanese juvenile delinquency and calls attention to the delinquency problems in the public housing area. The second article by Mr. Kiyonaga deals with foreign laborers and crime in Japan and suggests not to eradicate delinquency and crime but to manage the community to keep the people in safety. Mr. Morita, in the last, evaluates the concept of safety as a promising guideline in criminology and proposes a new model of society based upon people's safety and well-being.

Kawabe,Yuzuru 1991 Unsafety in Japan Reflected in the Juvenile Delinquency ("Sefety" of Japan's Society and Criminological Study). No.16 pp.17-35.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The statistics of crimes and the others show that there isn't so large and obvious unsafety in Japan. Therefore, in this report, the author indicated some latent unsafe factors in Japan reflected in the juvenile delinquency and analyzed them. This points are as follows. 1. Juvenile delinquents are composed of two strata. One of them is made of temporary delinquents named "initial type", who raise up the total number of juvenile delinquents. Most of them don't have any actual handicaps in their environments. Their increase caused "generalization of juvenile delinquency." Another stratum is made of "traditional type" producted in the subculture which accepts delinquency. Most of these traditional delinquents have some handicaps in their environments and repeat delinquency without enough resistance. The typical traditional delinquents are found out in groups brought up in housing developments. This phenomenon is considered the reflection of the tightening the boundary between the upper and the under classes in Japan. 2. The increase of juvenile delinquency shows the thinning of the norm conciousness of young generation. It seems related to the fact that the society is becoming narcissisitic. 3. Society of Japan sets a higher value on academic careers. Practically about 95 percent of juveniles go on to high schools. This tendency extends the moratorium for young generation. But the society does not prepare any status for them except for "students." So juveniles who don't go on to high schools cannot find the living space in our society. As a result, delinquent groups give it to them substituting for society. 4. Delinquency by low-teens is increasing. Also pre-delinquent behaviours and neurotic behaviours such as school refusal, violence in family or school, bullying and suicide by them are increasing too. This phenomenon seems to be related to the increase of psychological stress on them, which is caused by "examination race." Consequently, the author considers that the society should recognize that there is a stratum bringing forth many delinquents and give them real conclousness as members of their communities, preparing for them the social status except for "students." The system treating delinquents should coordinate the function of protection of them and the function of confronting them with the law or "social reality."

Kiyonaga,Kenji 1991 Foreign Labores and a Theory of Security : Proposing a recognition of the focus of theories of crime prevention ("Sefety" of Japan's Society and Criminological Study). No.16 pp.36-55.

Language: JPN
Abstract: At present, Japan experience a remarkable influx of foreign laborers. They are by now, clearly an essential part of the Japanese economic structure. On the one hand, crimes both in which a foreign laborer is an offender and those in which he or she is a victim are rapidly increasing. In this paper, the estimation of the foreign laborer population in Japan at present and in the future will be made along with the estimation of trends in criminal offenses committed by the laborers. Furthermore, bearing in mind the key concept of "security", ideal methods of the prevention of crime by foreign laborers will be discussed. In 1985, the foreign laborer population in Japan was estimated to be approximately 270,000 persons. Meanwhile, a figure between approximately 500,000 and 1,100,000 was estimated as the number of foregn laborers necessary to support the on-coming aging society of the country in 2005. Within this population framework, an estimate of the crimes committed by foreign laborers is between 8,052 and 17,522 of which 184 to 400 or more would be felonious offenses in 2005. The following summary can be obtained from the discussion: (1) Considering the inevitable arrival of an aging society, the labor of foreigners is necessity. Thus, it is inevitable that we allow this labor to be brought into Japan ; (2) However, due to such a mass influx of foreign laborers, it is predicted that "crime" will emerge as a serious problem both from a quantitative and a qualitative points of view. Given this situation, "security management" as a basic starategy for dealing with the problem of crime, mainly related to foreign laborers, is being stressed. More specifically, the essence of this perspective of security management is to achieve the following four goals: (1) To prevent crimes which must not occur. (2) To prevent crimes from occuring in places where they must not occur. (3) To prevent victimization of persons who should not fall prey to crimes. (4) To establish "measures to insure the relation or recovery from such victimization" in unfortunate cases where the above-mentioned crimes which "must not occur" do occur. Such measures should be systematized and become a part of the conscience of citizens.

Morita,Yohji 1991 The Sociological Criminology and the Concept of Safety ("Sefety" of Japan's Society and Criminological Study). No.16 pp.56-74.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper intends to clarify the usefulness and the limitation of inducing the concept of safety into the sociological criminology. The conceptual usages of safety can be divided into the two patterns. The first usage is to measure and analyze social conditions concerning crime by means of indices of safety. The sociological criminology has developed the measurement techniques and the theory of safety. The concept of safety has been thought as democratic because the public needs for safety are reflected in the measurement scale, which is developed by Hoshino. In spite of this usefulness of the concept, social situations in which this concept can show the democratic nature are limited to crimes occurred in our daily life : street crimes, consumers problems, the traffic law violations and so on. The second conceptual usage of safety is to indicate the meaning system valued by individuals, groups or organizations, and the state. Although Japanese sociological criminologists make no attempts in this field, this conceptual usage of safety gives us very useful prospects. For example, this usage attracts our attention to the social process through which the concept of safety acquires the justified and institutionalized power, the conflict or competition generated in these process, the process of the forrrlation of public consensus, the selective process of variously valued meanings, and so on. Also, the usage of safety as the meaning system extends our view to taking into consideration of the human rights that are upper and more comprehensive concepts than the concept of safety. The idea of human rights included in the concept of safety gives characteristics of democracy to this concept. Also, this usage of safty related to human rights can show us the specificness of Japanese sociocultural conditions concerning safety and human rights.

Yun,Wang 1991 On the Mutual Effect of Urban Crime in Urban Systems. No.16 pp.76-94.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper focuses on the theoretical and methodological issues of the MEUC (Mutual Effect of Urban Crime) among cities. It must be emphasized that the crime trend of a city is not only affected by the circumstances of the city but also by the crime trends of other surrounding cities, because of the economic relationship among these cities. In order to analyze the MEUC, FPF (Feature Primary Factors) is constructed. It is defined as, E = (e_1, e_2,�E�E�E�E�E�E, e_n) and e_i = MX_i �E X_ Where MX_i is a correlation coefficient between the amount of crime and the i-th variable of a city. The i-th variable is a city index relative to the crime trend. X_ is an average of the j years of the i-th city index (j��5). The correlation coefficient of the FPF between two cities, C is treated as approximation of true C-MEUC (coefficient of MEUC), which can be defined as F_ = M_�EC Where M = P^��ES_B^��EJ_B^��ED^�EV_A^�� is the medium of MEUC between the two cities, and can be calculated based on the result of actual investigations. The C-MEUCs among 49 cities in Tokyo indicate, interesting phenomena that can be called as CUC (Concentration of Urban Crime) and EUC (Extension of Urban Crime). Furthermore, this paper propposes the hypothesis that every city holds the energy of urban crime, UCE (Urban Criminal Energy), is proposed. According to the hypothesis, every ciry radiates the UCE which produces MEUC in urban systems. The UCE can be tried to calculated by the FPF.

Matsumoto,Yoshio 1991 On The Methodology of "History of Delinquency". No.16 pp.95-107.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This is a memorandum of consideration on the methodology of "History of Juvenile Delinquency". I presented nineteen points about which we need to discuss before we describe the history of juvenile delinquency. Their main items are as follows ; 1. Meaning of the history of delinquency. 2. Style of the history. Style : "social history" vs history of policy and administration. Context : "youth" problem vs deviation control. 3. Data collection. Statistics, Cases, Policy and Administration, Public Opinions on Delinquency, Trends of Reseach on Delinquency. 4. Theoretical point of view for description and analysis. Paradigm or Theory, Time-span, Period-discrimination. 5. Strategy and organization of the working.

Tomita,Nobuho 1991 Attitudes toward the Police of senior Highschool Students in Japan. No.16 pp.108-122.

Language: JPN
Abstract: 1. Introduction This paper examines the attitudes which senior highschool students in Japan have toward the police and the determinants of these attitudes. 2. The Data The data for the present study were gathered from students of two senior highschools located in the medium-sized cities (populations of 240,000 and 110,000 respectively) of the eastern Japan, through the use of anonymous questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,283 students. 3. The Variables (1) Contacts with the Police Students were asked to answer with "yes" or "no" to a series of questions designed to ascertain what contacts with the police they have experienced. Contacts examined were : (a) law enforcement related contacts, including stop or caution by police officers, (b) social service related contacts, including assistance by police officers and lost and found, (c) contacts with the police as victims, and (d) informal contacts. The students were asked whether any of their parents or relatives were police officers. (2) Victimization Students were asked to answer whether they and/or their households had become victims of crime within recent twelve months. (3) Permissibility to Deviant Behavior Students were asked whether they permitted themselves to commit ten kinds of "deviant behavior," including smoking, drinking, shoplifting, riding motor-bicycle without license, and others. (4) Proper Sanction to Deviant Behavior Students were asked to reply what sanction to the same kinds of "deviant behavior" as mentioned above they think unavoidable, if these were committed by their classmates. (5) Sex (6) Grade (10 th or 11 th) (7) Residence (cities, towns or villages) (8) Attitude toward the Police The attitude which the sample held toward the police, the dependent variable, was measured by means of a 8-item Likert type scale. The scale includes four positive and four negative statements, each requiring the sample to choose one of five response categories from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." 4. Findings Correlation coefficients among variables were examined using SAS. Major findings are listed below. (1) Students who had experienced stop or caution by the police have negative ATP. (2) Victimization of the samples and their families is correlated to negative ATP. (3) Students who are permissive to deviant behaviors have negative ATP. (4) Students who consider milder sanctions to deviant behaviors more appropriate have negative ATP. (5) Male students have more negative ATP than female students. (6) No correlation between ATP and grade or residence was found. 5. lmplications The result shows the importance of experiences with the police. Other attitudes owned by the students are also important.

Yajima,Masami / Tamura,Masayuki / Matsumoto,Tsuneyuki 1991 Social Adjustment and Self-concept of Delinquents. No.16 pp.123-144.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze 1) delinquents' level of school adjustment, family adjustment, neurotic tendency and self-concept as well as 2) difference between delinquents with positive and negative self-concepts in the level of school adjustment, family adjustment and neurotic tendency. A sample of 2,553 boys and girls from 20 junior and senior high schools in ten prefectures were surveyed in October and November, 1990, and were put into three groups (delinquent, average and non-delinquent groups) according to the level of self-reported delinquency, to analyze differences between groups. Findings are as follows. 1 A proposition that "there are more school-maladjusted juveniles in delinquent group than in other groups" is supported by the data. 2 A proposition that "there are more family-maladjusted juveniles in delinquent group than in other groups" is supported. 3 A proposition that "juveniles in delinquent group show stronger neurotic tendency than in other groups" is supported. 4 A proposition that "juveniles in delinquent group have poorer self-concept than in other groups" is not supported. The juveniles in delinquent group were divided into two groups, one is positive self-concept group and another is negative self-concept group. 5 The delinquents in positive self-concept group showed better school-adjustment than the delinquents in negative self-concept group. 6 The delinquents in positive self-concept group showed better family adjustment than the delinquents in negative self-concept group. 7 No difference was shown in the level of neurotic tendency between the groups with positive and negative self-concepts.

Moriyama,T. 1991 A Brief Examination of the Reasons of Retentionisits and Abolitionists concerned with Capital Punishment in Japan. No.16 pp.145-151.

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Abstract

Nakagawa,N. 1991 Current Constructionist Studies on Crime, Criminal Justice and Social Problems in the United States. No.16 pp.152-157.

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Abstract

Maniwa,Mitsuyuki 1992 The Information Society and Youth Crime(

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Yanagihara,Yoshiko 1992 Reflection on a Conception of "The Expansion of Juvenile Delinquency"(

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Nishida,T 1992 (

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Takahashi,Yoshiaki 1992 The Trend Rate of the Minor Delinquency and It's Characteristics(

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Abstract

Ayukawa,Jun 1992 A Study of a Murder-Burglary Committed by Juveniles : "The Odaka Green Park Murder Case"(

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Abstract

Someda,Kei 1992 The Protection of the Fundamental Human Rights and Applicable Measures in Probation and Parole. No.17 pp.90-108.

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Maru,Hideyasu 1992 Community Service Order as a Criminal Sanction against Corporate Offenders : Practices and Theories in the United States. No.17 pp.109-125.

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Abstract

Tamura,Masayuki / Yajima,Masami / Yonezato,Seiji 1992 Peer Relations and Delinquency among Junior High School Students. No.17 pp.126-148.

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Abstract

Murata,Masayuki 1992 Introduction and Development of the Cognitively-oriented Model for the Study of Deviance. No.17 pp.150-161.

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Oda,K. 1992 Trends of Research Studies on Urban Crime Prevention. No.17 pp.162-166.

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Ayukawa,J 1992 Recent Criminality and Criminology in Sweden. No.17 pp.167-173.

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Sato,Tsuneko 1993 Statistical Review of Aged Criminals in Japan (Simposium Crimie and Criminal Justice in Aging Society). No.18 pp.4-23.

Language: JPN
Abstract: In recent years Japanese society has rapidly changed to an unusually aging society. Generally it is said that "aged people" mean people of 65 years old and over. But in this paper I define aged people as those of 60 years old and over because of statistical restrictions etc. (1) Penal Code Aged Offenders (excluding traffic professional negligence) Comparing the ratios by the age group between the years of 1966 and 1991, the percentages of 40 years and over the forties increased from 8.0 percent to 10.8 percent, the fifties from 3.8 percent to 6.7 percent of, and the sixties and over from 1.9 percent to 4.3 percent. Among the numbers of offenders of 60 years and over cleared by the police in 1991, the most prevalent offense in this age group is larceny accounting for 70.0 percent, followed by embezzlement accounting for 15.4 percent, fraud accounting for 3.7 percent and bodily injury accounting for 2.6 percent. (2) Elderly People as Victims of Crime Regarding the major Penal Code Offences of which victims are 60 years old and over, larceny shows the largest number, followed by fraud, destruction of things, house-breaking and bodily injury in 1991. Among the people killed in traffic accidents and pedestrians who died since 1973, the ratio of the age group of 60 years and over decreased from 39.5 percent in 1973 to 37.2 percent in 1975, but since then it has been increasing. In 1991, victims of the age group accounted for 51.9 percent.

Terado,Ryoji 1993 Probation and Parole Supervision for Aged Offenders (Simposium Crimie and Criminal Justice in Aging Society). No.18 pp.24-44.

Language: JPN
Abstract: As Japanese society is now in the process of aging, problem of aged offenders (including probationers and parolees) becomes serious. Treatment of aged offenders in the community requires special attention for its effectiveness. This article provides description of present probation and parole supervision for the aged offenders, and discusses main characteristics cf aged probationers and parolees. Analysis of 17 paroled homicide cases of 50 years of age or more shows some findings as follows : a) Parolees accepted by their families upon release from the correctional institutions indicate that they made contributions to their families before the imprisonment so as to receive positive evaluation and confidence. b) Parolees refused by their families upon release from correctional institutions indicate that they did not work for a long time without reason and behaved badly to their families so as to receive negative evaluation. Aged probationers and parolees sometimes have physical and/or mental troubles or sickness. The information about parolees' physical and/or mental conditions is available from correctional institutions. However, information about the probationers' conditions is not available for the probation office at the time of admission. Since Japanese legal system does not have presentence investigation system for adult offenders, probation office should start the supervision of the probationers, especially aged probationers, without sufficient information for their needs and physical and/or mental conditions. Therefore, at the beginning of the supervision for aged probationers, detailed investigation of the physical and/or mental conditions as well as other social and economical situations of the probationers is necessary. In addition, treatment of the aged probationers and parolees should fully consider their well-being so that they are able to have positive images for their future social and psychological lives.

Noda,Yoko 1993 Trends and Problems of the Study on the Aged as Criminal Actor (Simposium Crimie and Criminal Justice in Aging Society). No.18 pp.45-59.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The rapidly aging of population in Japan has advanced a great number of studies of its influence on various aspects of our life. But on the trend of crime and the criminal justice, the study was hardly set about from this point of view until recently. Especially it is toward and after the end of the 1980's that "the aged as criminals" has come to be studied. Focuses of studies have been, however, centered upon the corrective treatment and the subsequent rehabilitation of "the aged as prisoners", because the recent rise of interest in the aged criminal has been directly based on the increase of the aged prisoner, and there have been few papers yet which deal with the characteristics and the causes of increase of "the aged as criminal actors." In this paper, therefore, I took up research studies which treated crimes by the aged from the viewpoint of characteristics of actors of crime and their climinalizing factors and, through the general survey of them, made clear that studies on "the aged as criminal actors" did not reach the stage to examine the validity of technical methods which developed intensively. First of all, they need to be well set up with frames of methodological reference and analytical perspectives. Then, from this standpoint, I tried to pose problems of the study on "the aged as criminal actors" limiting the points to the following: 1) The typology of the aged criminal actor; 2) the method of international comparative studies, and; 3) a way of comprehending "aging society" as an explanatory variable of crimes by the aged.

Hayami,Hiroshi 1993 Consideration of Shaming as a Factor of the Control of Delinquency : Does Shaming Deter Crime and Delinquency?. No.18 pp.62-82.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Braithwaite, Australian criminologist, insists that, by classifying shaming into reintegrative-shaming and stigmatizing-shaming, the former type of shaming is more effective in deterring crime than the other and that reintegrative-shaming is formed in the society which has interdependency and communitarianism. I try to make clear the function of shaming in controlling crime and delinquency in this paper. Considering psychosocial mechanism of the formation of shame by studying the literature of self psychology and self theory, shame is born with the pain and vulnerability in the birth of self-feeling, self-consciousness and self-objectification (division of the self into I and me) by taking the role of the other and it defends against the disclosure of its pain. The defense mechanism against shaming appears with two directions ; one is self-shaming and the other is shamelessness with self-grandiosity. The former advances the self-objectification, self-denial and self-punishment, and it relates to the sense of guilt and shyness. In this case shaming serves to decrease delinquency because of the introversion of the behaviour. But in the latter case as individuals, try to hide the pain by self-grandiosity or self-exhibitionism, shaming serves to increase delinquency. As far as we consider shaming in the view of strain theory, shaming may be the factor of increase in deviant behaviour. The important thing is not shaming delinquents itself but is that the members of the family or the community they belong provide self-objects which share their pain and support them.

Goto,Hiroko 1993 The Expected Role of a Japanese Family Court and Practicing Lawyers' Thinking. No.18 pp.83-103.

Language: JPN
Abstract: I would like to conduct this study to make clear practicing lawyers' thinking on the role of a Japanese family court in the juvenile justice system. This study is based on the research which I did on lawyers' thinking of the juvenile justice. In the juvenile justice lawyers as attendants play important roles. It is essential to know how they think on the role of the family court when we rethink the expected role of the family court and the juvenile law. My research objects are lawyers who had experiences as attendants. My research includes questions on the purpose of the juvenile law, the standard of the disposition, the concept of the pre-delinquency, the guarantee of the due process of law, the expected juvenile justice system and so on. Using some questions, I make four categories; 1. pure protection type (the abolition of referral to the public prosecutor leaving only protective measures for juvenile delinquents in family court), 2. pro present system type, 3. emphasis on family court function type (both punishment and protective measures are available in family court) and 4. mixed type. Then I make crosstables between questions and the four types. These crosstables show that lawyers in pure protection type have outstanding characters; many experiences as attendants in five years, emphasis of diversion of pre-delinquents from the family court jurisdiction and so on. Every lawyer is convinced that the family court plays important roles in the juvenile justice system. But lawyers think that the family court should not have welfare functions but stronger judicial functions.

Yajima,Masami 1993 The Relation between a View of Juvenile Delinquents and Thinking about Juvenile Justice among Practicing Lawyers. No.18 pp.104-120.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze (1) a view of juvenile delinquents among practicing lawyers (2) a relation between the view and thinking about juvenile justice among practicing lawyers (3) a relation between the view and their careers of defense on cases. The subjects of this research were practicing lawyers in Japan who experienced defense on cases of delinquency. We researched practicing lawyers from August to October in 1991 with a questionnaire and mail servey method. And we got samples of 1068 practicing lawyers. Findings are as follows. (1) Practicing lawyers tend to have a view that juvenile delinquents go from bad to worse, if adults do not help them. (2) Practicing lawyers having the view tend to approve thinking that Japanese Nation should take care of juvenile delinquents for any purposes, for example, educational purpose, retributional purpose, even if the purposes contradict each others. (3) There is no relation between to get the view (2) and the lawyers' careers of defence on cases.

Moriyama,Tadashi 1993 Situational and "Social" Models in the Field of Crime Prevention. No.18 pp.121-137.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper deals with the development of these two models in crime prevention in Europe and the United States. After the rehabilitation model for treatment of offenders declined, criminologists and policymakers had to seek for the alternative to this model because the crime conditions were still worse. Then, 'situational model' was gradually appearing which concentrates on the strategy to prevent crime before it occurs. Especially in Britain, this sort of crime prevention is getting the main stream inside the departments concerned of the central government. However, we have some papers which preferably assess the crime prevention measures based on the 'social mode1,' or on the new model, namely the 'community model.' In many cities in Europe and the US, petty crimes such as car theft, burglary, or vandalism have embarrassed the policymakers in charge of crime prevention. That is the reason why the situational model is so popular among them in these areas. Situational crime prevention which blocks crime by manupulating the physical environment is based on the theory of opportunity reduction or rational choice, but has by nature a fundamental problem of displacement. Besides, some critics argue that this model would not be suitable for preventing all sorts of crimes, in particular violent crime. Therefore we still need the social model based on the socialization of children or the close relationship between family members or neighbours for crime prevention, and the community model which is a mixture of these models. Which model we should choose in our own society depends on its own crime situation. However, the author thinks the situational model would be attached to a dark and negative image because it appears to show indifference to reforming the personality of potential offenders and accordingly to regard them as enemies. So, although its effect are comparatively intangible, we have to promote social crime prevention partly accomanied with the situational model and the community model suitable for some particular fields.

Hiraoka,Yoshikazu 1993 Guilt Consciousness as a Cause of Economic Crime : An Illustration by "Brokerage Scandal" Case. No.18 pp.138-154.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper insists on the importance of the guilt consciousness as the cause of ecomomic crime. For this purpose, the author considers the reasons of the problem of guarantee for returns in "brokerage scandal" case in Japan, especially focusing on interorganizational relations between the Finance Ministry and the securities industry as a cause of the weakness of the guilt consciousness. The securities department of the Finance Ministry has two purposes to control securities business: maintaining of the fairness of the market trade and supporting of the companies. With the Securities and Exchange Law, the department has authority to control the securities business by "gyosei-shido (administrative guidance)." So, new companies without license from the department can not enter the securities market. Moreover, the fee for trading securities is fixed by the department. As a result, the market is not competitive and the securities companies can gain excess profits. The companies want to maintain trading contracts with big customers, which is the source of excess profits. Then, they illegally guarantee for returns to maintain the contracts. This is the economic reason of the illegal guarantee. But, it is imposible to explain the illegal guarantee without other factors. That is the weakness of guilt consciousness. There are frequent interactions between the department and the companies for gyosei-shido. Combined with other factors, the interactions lead the department to prefer supporting the companies to maintaining the fairness, and to tolerate the deviance from the Law. As a result, companies don't consider the deviance as a crime, and illegally make contracts of trading securities with big customers accompanied by guarantee for returns. The intimate interorganizational relations between the department of the Finance Ministry and the securities industry cause these two reasons of the crime: paralysis of guilt consciousness and increase of economic motivation. Both factors are necessary to explain the economic crime such as brokerage scandal.

Ito,K. 1993 Community Crime Prevention : Innovations in Anglo-Amerikan Crime Control Policies. No.18 pp.155-160.

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Abstract

Hata,M. 1993 Some Problems of a School. No.18 pp.161-169.

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Tokoro,Kazuhiko 1994 Social Control, Liberty of Individual and Rule of Law (Simposium Social Control and Individuals). No.19 pp.4-19.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The author looks at the social control from the side of the individual who is to be controled. First, various types of social controls are evaluated in terms of thier effects on freedom and other interests of the individual. Then the author proceeds to the question of how the individual can control the social control. The author describes three models of society in which the individual differently controls the social control: The individual model where there is no specialized agency of social control, the authoritarian model where a strong social control agency acts as being free from effective control by the controled individual, and the constitutional model where the social control agency is effectively controled by the controled individual. The author admits that the first two models have been popular among Japanese, because they did not like the lack of flexibility of social controls under the constitutional model. He argues, however, that the lack of flexibility is not inherent in the constitutional model of social control. There, flexibility is to be obtained through discourse, to which Japanese have not been much accustomed.

Tanaka,Shigeaki 1994 Legalization and "Delegalization" of Social Control in Today's Japan (Simposium Social Control and Individuals). No.19 pp.20-39.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper aims at examining how the Japanese system of criminal justice should be organized and operated, with special regard to the recent discussions about "legalization" and "delegalization". An inter-subjective perspective on legal dynamics emphasizes that citizens should respect each other as autonomous legal subjects who are capable of voluntarily utilizing legal standards and procedures to pursue their own conception of the good. An analysis of several intensive controversies that have developed over criminal justice suggests that a legalistic trend which advocates the purification of criminal procedure or imprisonment seems to be most appropriate to promote this perspective. However, two other instrumentalistic and paternalistic trends are also influential. The former emphasizes the importance of such public interests as crime prevention and protection of society, and the latter attaches great importance to the rehabilitation of the criminal or the protection of the delinquent. The relationships between these three trends are rather complicated: Cooperative on some issues, but antagonistic on others. Although the opinion which demands the effective realization of universalistic legalization has been growing in strength, managerial legalization has also been carried forward by the support of both instrumentalistic and paternalistic trends. Moreover, managerial legalization has begun to be carried out in a softer fashion through the informalistic incorporation of communal law. From the legal point of view, the author supports in principle the legalistic strategy to intensify universalistic legalization, and opposes the paternalistic strategy of delegalization, not to mention anti-legalization. However, the author also feels it necessary to reconsider from a detached viewpoint whether the legalistic strategy can adequately care for the criminal and afford them what they really need.

Hatakeyama,Hirobumi 1994 Domination by the Goodwill (Simposium Social Control and Individuals). No.19 pp.40-57.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper tries to demonstrate the power of the front-line workers in public bureaucracy (or 'street-level bureaucrats'), and to clarify and explain their characteristic behaviors, named as 'domination by the goodwill'. The front-line workers (teachers, welfare office workers, policemen and so on) are 'the rank and files' in each organization. But they have wide discretionary powers in their ordinary decisions and actions over their target groups (citizens as 'clients'). Their relative autonomy comes from the common occupational environment of the street-level bureaucracy, which is called as 'the structure of public encounter'. This structure makes the street-level bureaucrats the power holders against their clients. Many case studies suggest that the power of the street-level bureaucrats is exercised in a particularistic way. This behavioral characteristic is not limited to Japan. It is a common feature of the strret-level bureaucracy in advanced societies. I call that characteristic as the domination by the goodwill. It is so named as the street-level bureaucrats intervene into public encounter with paternalistic benevolence, but their benevolence has in effect to promote their bureaucratic and occupational interests. Their subjective altruism is surely true, but is distorted as their positions as managers of situation prevent its actual realization. This distortion is quite clear especially in Japan because our public bureaucracy assume a special role as modernizer and guardian of the nation. This role has two aspects. The one is social control, which imposes some coercion to people, and the other is protection of the people, in which bureaucracy owes the obligation to improve each citizen's substantial 'welfare'. These two tasks must be contradictory, and Japanese bureaucracy has been inclined to depend on their self-image as protector more and more. Consequently it is now adequate to describe their behaviors in view of 'maternalism', rather than pure paternalism. The main problem in maternalism lies not so much in the conflict of tangible interests, but in the intangible conflicts or the invason of the 'mind'.

Inoue,Mariko 1994 Social Control as a Dependent Variable upon a Social Structure (Simposium Social Control and Individuals). No.19 pp.58-72.

Language: JPN
Abstract: In the origins of sociology, the concept of "social control" was a "key that unlocks many doors" (E.A. Ross); that is, it served as a central concept for analyzing total societies. Social control was basically defined as encompassing all those social practices and arrangements that established social order and induced "spontaneous" conformity among members of the society without using any powers or coercion. Social control is, rather, the obverse of coercive control. But the once dominant conception of social control abovementioned has gradually been replaced by the idea that the patterns of social control are contingent on social structures. This paper pays special attention to the social control achieved by informal negotiation which is complementary and simultaneously destructive to the modern legalistic social control.

Yajima,Masami / Yamamoto,Isao 1994 The Development of the Movement to Regulate "YUUGAI comics". No.19 pp.74-94.

Language: JPN
Abstract: 1. Aim The purpose of this paper is to study how a kind of comics called "YUUGAI (harmful) comics" became the social problem, and how petitions which ask for the revision of the Tokyo prefectural ordinance were presented to the assemblies. 2. Methods We investigated them by two methods. First, we collected the petitions presented to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly or to the 23 ward assemblies. We analized them: by whom, when, how were they presented? A tatol of 156 petitions were collected. The main groups which represented the petitions were CHOUNAIKAI (neighborhood associations), SEISHOUNEN'IINKAI (juvenile committee), women's groups, PTAs, and volunteer probation officers. Second, we interviewed the representatives of the petitioners. A sample of 32 persons were interviewed. We asked them their knowledge and opinons about "YUUGAI comics," and how they presented their petitions. 3. Findings (1) Only three types of compositions were found among these petitions. These were not written independently but copied from one another. And we suppose the original composition was the notification given by the Liberal Democratic Party. (2) The movements were developed not on their own initiatives. They were asked to petition by the other groups concerned. Most of them were police and the organs concerned. So, we conclude that the "YUUGAI comics" problem was developed through the network of police, neighborhood associations, PTAs, and so on. The petitions for the revision of the ordinance were directed by police and the organs concerned.

Yamaguchi,Naoya 1994 Teen Court. No.19 pp.95-111.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This note describes the background and concept of the Teen Court which is one of the diversion programs in American Juvenile Justice Systems, analyzes its meanings and functions and clarifies some problems of it. In 1983, the first Teen Court was established in Odessa, Texas, with the proposal of Prof. Rothstein. The aim of it is to turn peer pressure and peer power from something that has always had a very negative influence to something very positive. With the success of declining recidivism rates of juveniles who were referred to Teen Courts, the Courts were appraised by many communities and have widespread all over the U.S.A. This note, however, clarifies some problems of Teen Court. First of all, there is disagreement about the estimation of the decline of recidivism rates. Therefore, we can not conclude that Teen Court program is useful. Secondly, Teen Court does not deal with serious delinquents in a meaningful way. We must treat both felony and misdemeanor juveniles similarly in the Juvenile Justice Systems. Finally, teen juries tend to be tougher on juveniles that formal court judges. Juveniles who are referred to Teen Courts are forced to be exposed to tougher sentences than first-time juveniles and adult offenders dealt with in formal courts. We must overcome this problem of inequality.

Hagan,John 1994 Crime and Inequality in America. No.19 pp.112-123.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Ishizuka,S. 1994 Crime and Punishment in Changing Society : From 'Die Deutsche Strafrechtslehretagung' May 21, 1993, Besal to 'the 11th International Congress on Criminology' August 27, 1993, Budapest. No.19 pp.124-130.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Someda,K. 1994 A Comprehensive Study on the Trend of Researches in Japan Regarding Offences by Foreigners. No.19 pp.131-143.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Wang,Y. 1994 Criminology in Today's China. No.19 pp.144-149.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Saito,Toyoji 1995 Invisibility of Bullying and the Limitations of Juvenile Justice (Simposium "IJIME (bullying)" and the Limitations of Juvenile Justice). No.20 pp.4-20.

Language: JPN
Abstract: According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education, bullying case at school amounted to more than 21 thousands in 1993. In many cases, bullying of a child is known to neither the parents nor the teachers for several reasons until it causes serious results such as committing suicide, and bodily injury, which lead eventual death of the victim. The 1994 White Paper on Police reports that only 234 students for involvement in bullying were guided by the police. The schools often report the case to the Board of Education, but rather rarely to the community as well as the police. The police has been passive about intervention in bullying cases, since they have expected the resolution in school system except in serious cases. However, they seem to be changing the attitudes toward more active response. Only serious cases are referred to the Family Court. In general, severe sanction against the bully may not be efficient, since they do not understand the consequences of their conducts for their infancy. They do not either appreciate the pain of the victims, the responsibility to take for, or the impacts upon their life course. It is essential to take educational approach even when they are referred to the Family Court. In most cases the bullies admit the fact of bullying. However, in a recent case a junior high school student died in a gymnasium storeroom, being rolled in mattress, which was alleged to be caused by bullying by a number of children and unconcern of others. The Family Court found 3 children guilty out of 6. They denied the fact and appealed for "retrial" but failed. It should be noticed the police interrogation of juveniles is much invisible and they do not have enough ability of defense.

Ando,Hiroshi 1995 The Policies against Bullyings in Schools of Japan Today : A Legal Investigation from the Point of Human Rights of Children (Simposium "IJIME (bullying)" and the Limitations of Juvenile Justice). No.20 pp.21-36.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This article discusses some legal problems related to the policies against the "bullyings" in schools of Japan today from the point of the human rights of children. Six main points are taken for discussion: 1. What is the relation between the bullyings and the human rights of children? 2. The development of bullyings as social and legal matters seen from the chart. 3. Is suspension of attendance to the class effective as a measure against bullyings? 4. Roles and activities of lawyers who are sensitive to the human rights of children to be expected for the solution of bullyings in schools. 5. Presentation of a system model toward solution of bullyings. 6. Practicing "parental rights" given in the civil law to work against bullyings.

Noda,Masato 1995 Ijime and Juvenile Law Justice (Simposium "IJIME (bullying)" and the Limitations of Juvenile Justice). No.20 pp.37-50.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Ijime (bullying) and juvenile delinquency are considered separately. As a result, domestic courts, the institutions which generally deal with juvenile delinquency, rarely examined cases of Ijime in the past. However, with Ijime having come to be treated as a major social problem, the situation is changing. To cope with cases where Ijime has reached proportions serious enough to justify legal procedures, a full understanding of the distincive nature of Ijime is necessary. The use of a defined concept of Ijime has the advantage of helping us to better our understanding of children's behavior and human relationships. However, if we make Ijime simply a judicial matter, there is a danger that legal institutions will become involved and take coercive measures in cases which were originally meant to be treated by educational and welfare institutions. The problem of whether or not juvenile law and jurisdiction is an appropriate way to settle cases of Ijime requires careful consideration. Ijime appears in many types of juvenile law cases in a variety of forms. For example, 1. When the act of Ijime itself is perceived as a crime. 2. While appearing to be unrelated, the case actually involves Ijime or the grave results thereof. 3. When the victim retaliates against the perpetrator of Ijime. One distinctive characteristic of Ijime is that it is swayed to a certain extent by the victim's perception of pain and anguish. For this reason, the viewpoint of protection of the victim is called for to a comparatively greater extent than other types of cases involving juveniles. In juvenile law, judicial procedures take the facts of the juvenile delinquency into consideration against a backdrop of the need for protection of the parties. How should Ijime be placed within this framework? Depending on whether we consider Ijime in terms of the factual aspects of the juvenile delinquency or in terms of the need for protection, there is bound to be a substantial discrepancy in the results. In cases of Ijime, it is necessary to adopt measures which take the growth and development of both the perpetrator and the victim into consideration.

Wakahoi,Toru 1995 Concerning about the Trial for Boy's Matter : Investigation about the Matter of Meilin Junior High School (Simposium "IJIME (bullying)" and the Limitations of Juvenile Justice). No.20 pp.51-72.

Language: JPN
Abstract: First year student, Ippei Kojima (false name, thirteen years old at that time) was found as dead body inside the mat in a sporting goods room in the gymnasium at Meilin junior high school, Sinjo-city, Yamagata. He was turned upside down inside the mat which was rolled and set up. This accident is called "Bullying Mat Dead Matter". Police arrested seven senior students who were said to be in the gymnasium at that time for bodily injury and confinement resulting in death, and then anounced this matter as wicked bullying. Yamagata Family Court decided that they were not punished at the first trial. Because judges doubted boy's confession and this matter's background or motive were not clear. However, at the second trial in Sendai High Court, judges continues their confession and refused their statement for the accident death. Supreme Court rejected recomplaint of co unsel. The court has a big problem that is gives too much importance in "confession". And the court is willing to accept one-sided investgation report by police on boy's proceeding as evidence. And this prompts the court to give too much importance to confession and make it difficult to solve the truth of this matter which is undoubtedly innocent in order to reach a fair conclusion, it is necessary to examine confession on boy's matter objectively and analytically.

Tatsuno,Bunri / Saiba,Masahiro 1995 Treatment Difficulties in Non-institutional Corrections. No.20 pp.74-91.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This research aims at identifying the treatment difficulties in probationary and parole supervision, the main forms of non-institutional treatment of offenders. The research method is as follows. We collected data from 586 probation officers who answered questions about the degrees of difficulty in treating offenders. There were 72 indexes. Then we analyzed the data using factor analysis. Four factors showing a high degree of difficulty were extracted. They are: Cases in which a probationer has a problem in his or her character or family environment (factor 1), cases in which there is a risk of committing a new crime (factor 2), cases in which professional knowledge and skills of the probation officer are required (factor 3), and cases in which a probationer defies supervision (factor 4). The followings are important relations we discovered between each factor and attributes of probation officers. 1. Comparing the mean of factor 4 scores by sex, the mean of scores for male officers is higher than that for female officers. 2. As for the mean by age group, for both factor 3 and factor 4 the mean of factor scores for those in their thirties is the highest of all age groups. 3. Length of experience as a probation officer does not have any significant relationship with any of the factors. By learning the nature of the difficulties in treatment, probation officers will be able to take measures against the causes of difficulty corresponding to the four factors and will be able to reduce those difficulties. Thus, the results of this research will help to conduct more effective probationary and parole supervision.

Katoh,Naotaka / Kawai,Mikio / Kubo,Takashi 1995 A Study on the Organizational Wrongdoing and the Attribution of Responsibility : A Cross Cultural Survey in the Washington D.C., Tokyo, and Moscow. No.20 pp.92-114.

Language: JPN
Abstract: When actors within corporate hierarchies take "actions" on behalf of their organizations, how would the responsibility of the actions be attributed to various elements, such as actors, actors superiors who have the authority of decision making, or organizations? In addition, how would the attribution of responsibility be affected by various circumstantial factors, such as the types of decision making, awareness of possible consequence, and rank within the organizational hierarchy? This study focused on the responsibility of wrongdoing within corporate hierarchies, often described as "corporate crime." Survey of random sample of 600 adults was conducted respectively in Washington, D. C., U. S. A., Tokyo, Japan, and Moscow, Russia. Respondents heard 6 vignettes, 4 basic ones and 2 tentative ones, about wrongdoing in corporate settings. Manipulations include actor's awareness of possible consequence (higt intent vs. low intent), actor's hierarchical position (authority vs. subordinate), and other's influence in the decision making process (independent, collective, ordered by the superior). 4 basic vignettes are automobile safety problem, drug's side effect, news on environmental pollution, and dumping of toxic substance. 2 tentative vignettes are abandoned substance and bribe. Respondents evaluated the responsibility of the actor's, that of actor's, that of actor's superiors who have the authority of decision making, and that of the corporate, as well as the avoidability of possile consequence, seriousness of the consequence, and so forth. Results indicated that the responsibility of the actor for what happened was greatest when the actor was an authority and was acting independently. Hierarchical position and other's influence also interacted in the three cities, such that authorities were excused less for collective decision making or ordered by the superior than were subordinates. Avoidability showed the similar results as that of responsibility, and was larger when the actor was authority than when the actor was subordinate. Responsibility of the organization was high in Japan and the U. S. A. but was low in Russia, while the responsibility of the actor was low in Japan but was high in Russia. Responsibility of the actor's superior and colleagues was higher in the U. S. A. than in Japan. Position of the actor and other's influence also showed the statistical significance in the evaluation of responsibility of superior and colleagues.

Iwai,Yoshiko 1995 The Interests Protected by the Laws of Sexual Offences. No.20 pp.115-132.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The sexual offences may be grouped into three types with their protecting interests. Those in the first type consist of rape and sexual assault etc., which protect freedom to consent to sexual intercourse or other indecent acts. Those in the second type consist of the article forbidding obscene acts to juveniles in Ordinance for eliminating harmful circumstances surrounding juveniles, Child Welfare Act and Anti-Prostitution Act etc., which protect the youth who have the immature capacity to concent to sexual activities, from sexual abuse by the adults. Those in the third type consist of the crime of indececent behavior in public, and the crime of distributing the pornographic books etc., which protect social sexual morality or sexual sense. Looking the history of the regulation on the sexual offences, it declares clearly the changes of the women's social and marital status. Those in the first type were considered as the offences which invade sexual morality in the past, but recently, the existance of consent at the sexual intercourse had been regarded as important, so the necessity of the protection from the injury by the sexual assault in the familiar terms were recognized gradually. Those in the second type aim to regulate the activities of sexual abuse to the juveniles whether or not the victim consents. In those field, ambiguity of the word "Inkou" (obscene act) and the rationality of paternalistic intrusion by the penal sanction are called in question. Those in the third type were gradually decriminalized with the progress of the sence of liberation of sex. In this paper, it is aimed to consider what is the better method to protect the interests being invaded by those in the first and the second types of sexual offences.

Terado,R. 1995 Criminology in France. No.20 pp.133-138.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Yamaguchi,N. 1995 Family Group Conferences ; The New System of Youth Justice in New Zealand. No.20 pp.139-147.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Fujimoto,Tetsuya 1996 Present Conditions of School Bullying and Its Countermeasures in Japan (Symposium Prespectives on "bullying"). No.21 pp.4-21.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Recently bullying at schools has become a significant phenomenon in Japan. Since 1980, bullying the weaker in junior high schools is getting to be an especially serious problem. On Feburuary 1, 1986, Mr. Hirofumi Shikagawa, a Nakano-Fujimi junior high school student, committed suicide because of ill-treatment by a classmate. On November 27, 1994, Mr. Kiyoteru Okochi who is a Tobu junior high school student also killed himself for being bullied by friends. The purpose of this paper is, then, to clarify the reasons why these problems are occuring at schools and to find out how to prevent such problems. First of all, I have analysed my empirical research which was carried out from October 20th to November 5th, 1994, in cooperation with the National Police Agency. Secondly, I have talked about the causes of bullying at schools in terms of: 1) character of school children, 2) family, 3) school, and 4) community environments. Finally, at the end of this paper, I have mentioned the countermeasures toward bullying at schools. Frankly speaking, there are no effective countermeasures to the problems of bullying at schools at this moment because there are many complicated circumstances. However, it is a very important task for us to rescue the bullied children as soon as possible. Then, we have to listen sincerely to what the students are talking about in their school lives. Futhermore, it is also an important task for us to estabiish a good relationship between the teachers and students. I belive that the best remedy for stopping the bullying at schools is to understand the feelings of children in which I have recommended in my empirical research.

Noda,Yoko 1996 Consideration of "Ijime" from the Point of Pupils' Relationship in School Society "Ijime" as a Action of the Reconstrution of Pupils' Relationship (Symposium Prespectives on "bullying"). No.21 pp.22-38.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Ijime (bullying) is generally understood as the action in which the superior picks on the inferior. In such caces the standards that are regarded as those by which the relationship of the superior - the inferior is determined are physical ability such as "they are strong fighters", behavioral characteristics such as "they talk briskly", ability of mobilizing resources such as "they have many friends" and so on. But it is necessary to be considered whether those standards determine the relationship of the superior - the inferior as a whole in the school group. In the modern school society in which the principle of achievement is dominant, it is not too much to say that standards except the schoolwork record are no more than those which are uncertain to determine the above relationship as a whole. We, however, need to notice there will be an unsettled difference in power between the bullier and the bullied in the light of each standard even if it is uncertain. The question is where we focus. What we should attach importance to is not that there's difference in power between the both, but that its relationship is unsettled. It is only the limited children that can confirm their own superiority in the light of the standard of schoolwork record, and then many children are forced to cling to whatever they can confirm the meaning of their existence even if it is uncertain. It is the action of "ijime" that has the function of the extremely effective means to wipe out the uneasiness resulting from being forced to cling to what is uncertain and make it absolute. In short, "ijime" is the action for children to create the weaker than or the inferior to them among their fellows by the standard which can make them the stronger or the superior and heighten their status relatively by attacking those weaker or inferior fellows. In other words, "ijime" is the action to reconstruct the relationship of the superior - the inferior in groups. This reconstruction is not intended only between the direct relation of the bullier and the bullied. It is more important to establish the superiority of the former in the whole group where both of them belong together. This paper deals with further, from the point of the reconstruction of the relationship in a group, the features of relations constituting the phenomenon of "ijime."

Takee,Takashi 1996 A View of "Ijime (bullying)" from the Viewpoint of Clinical Psychologist (Symposium Prespectives on "bullying"). No.21 pp.39-55.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The juvenile problem after World War II can be said the history of juvenile aggressive behaviors. And now quality of aggressiveness has changed. It goes as far as leading boys and girls to committing suicide by the unique aggressive behavior called ijime or bullying. Once the word ijime was noticed abroad and was recognized by the society, it has produced a great number of ijime cases. In the beginning the ijime was found only at school. But later, such violences as a prowrestling play, kasutera (sponge cake) play came to be considered not as violence or delinquency but as a kind of play. The appearance of culture called culture FF (Focus, Friday of weekly picture magazine) phenomenon and the change in the TV culture brought about a change in children's behavior. Now, we have a report that children who see violence on TV are given impetus to aggressive behaviors. And the change in their life environment has produced children known as "shinjinrui" or new human beings. They are psycologically characterized as being poor in making friends and sympathizing with each other. They ignore traditional ethics, social morals and law. Their behavior looks like that of an infant or of a borderline personality. They lack the law-abiding spirit, patience, independence, and other virtures of children, which invites the popularity of underhand method, brutal act and overdoing of ijime bullying.

Harada,Yutaka 1996 Addressing the Issue of "Bullying" in an International Perspective (Symposium Prespectives on "bullying"). No.21 pp.56-78.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper illustrates how our understanding of "IJIME (bullying)" in Japan may be enhanced by addressing the issue in an international perspective. Until recently, Japanese researchers tended to believe that "IJIME" in schools was a Japan-specific phenomenon and that it was rooted in cultural and educational peculiarities in today's Japan. A review of literature in European and North American countries, however, revealed that "bullying" in these countries and "IJIME" in Japan may have a number of essential components in common. If so, then an explanation applicable to both Japanese and European/North American bullying may be needed. Thus, we proposed a tentative explanation that hypothesize (1) most people may have some orientation to bullying regardless of time and place, because it is "fun"; (2) bullying may be activated by some kind of imbalance in power among the members of a group; (3) bullying may be aggravated (a) when a member can hardly get out of the group to which he or she currently belong, and (b) when a member does not expect an intervention from outside to be effective enough to keep an informant from retaliation. As to countermeasures to bullying, we pointed out that some of the key features of successful prevention programs in Europe, such as the emphasis on monitoring and intervention through the cooperation of teachers and parents, are also found in the practices of teachers tackling bullying in Japanese schools. However, it appears that the policies of such teachers have not necessarily been supported by a societal consensus, partly because the Ministry of Education of Japan have tended to prefer all-around, idealistic policies, rather than clear-cut, empirically-based, intervention-oriented policies. In view of our hypothesis that the lack of effective control from outside may be a central factor that aggravates the problem of bullying, it seems urgently needed to develop social mechanisms that enable timely and effective intervention by teachers and other adults, while securing channels for dissidence to prevent excessive and unjust intervention.

Takekawa,Ikuo 1996 On the Perspective of Bullying in Japan (Symposium Prespectives on "bullying"). No.21 pp.79-92.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze the discussion of bullying in Japan in recent years. It is classified and mentioned as follows. (1) Analyzing the aggressive factor of bullying. (2) Analyzing the personal relations between bullying and bullied. It is said that he or she does not call for help, when he or she is bullied. This is mainly due to understanding his or her unfitness and self-respect in adolescence. (3) Analyzing the classroom group including bullying. When a boy or girl is continuously bullied, members of the classroom are divided into bullied, bullying, audience, bystanders. Then the collective condition in the classroom becomes self-defensive without justice. (4) Analyzing the background of bullying. a. The classroom is administered too much and locked up by teachers. b. Children's environment is changing for the worse. c. Children in the classroom have an effect of the social stream of privatization and youth-culture. d. Bullying happens not only in Japan but also in other countries, but excluding one from the group ("shikato") may be a Japanese form. (5) Analyzing how bullying is reported by mass media. Here, it is mentioned shortly that report by television and newspaper influences the condition of classroom, therefore new bullying happens.

Kobayashi,Juichi 1996 The Impact of Police Home Visits on Residents' Attitudes toward Neighborhood Safety : Neighborhood-Level Analysis. No.21 pp.94-117.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Structural equation modeling was used to test a theoretical model of the impact of several dimensions of police home visits on residents' attitudes toward neighborhood safety. The unit of analysis was a neighborhood rather than an individual. The survey subjects were 1249 adult citizens randomly selected from among 100 neighborhood throughout the country. The responses of the subjects to the questionnaire were aggregated to produce neighborhood-level variables, which were actually analyzed using structural equation modeling. In the structural equation modeling, city size and the interaction terms produced by the multiplication of city size and each dimension of police home visits were added to several dimensions of police home visits as independent variables. As a result, irrespective of city size, the offer of information on recent neighborhood situations or being requested to submit information about their neighborhood were found to be positively related to the residents' willingness to report to the police. Further, the impact of being requested to submit information about their family members or having one's requests and opinions listed to at the time of police home visits was found to be different depending on the city size. Being requested to submit information about their family members is more likely to be positively related to the residents' willingness to report to the police in the neighborhoods of bigger city size. By contrast, having one's requests and opinions listened to is more likely to be positively related to the residents' willingness to report to the police in the areas other than metropolitan areas. To sum up, the results of this study support the importance of police home visits as a way to promote cooperative relationships between the police and neighborhood residents.

Yonekawa,Shigenobu 1996 The Delinquency among Junior High and Senior High School Students under the Conditions of the Anomie of School Career. No.21 pp.118-144.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This study attemts to explore the effect of the abandonment of the goal of entering college or university and the negative self conception on the delinquency among junior high and senior high school students under the conditions of the anomie of school career. Data are gathered from the result of questionnaire surveys conducted in 1992. Samples are 569 juvenile delinquents (430 boys and 139 girls) and 996 non juvenile delinquents (398 boys and 598 girls) among junior high and senior high school students. The main findings are as follows. 1. The abandonment of the goal of entering college functions to juvenile delinquency promtingly. Though noticed concerning the delinquent development among juvenile delinquents, too, this is more obvious concerning the delinquency involvement among non juvenile delinquents. 2. The particular factors of the abandonment of the goal of entering college among juvenile delinquents are as follows: recognizing the esteem of self by teachers as not good, negative self-esteem, truant behavior in boys; recognizing impossibility of becoming the person required by society in girls. 3. concerning the negative self conception, the function promting delinquency of negative self-esteem is noticed obviously in both boys and girls especially. 4. As the particular factors of the negative self-esteem in the juvenile delinquents, recognization of the following and truant behavior are identified in boys: impossibility of spending the happy life or making the most of talent or ability, and parent's not expecting their child to enter college. 5. Generally, the abandonment of the goal of entering college and negative self-esteem promt delinquency involvement among non juvenile delinquents and the delinquent development among juvenile delinquents independently but simultaneously. 6. Under the conditions of the anomie of school career, the abandonment of the goal of entering college and negative self-esteem promt the delinquency among students by combining with labeling of "the person who is no good," "dame ningen," which is made from unified estimation of person owing to deviation score.

Iwai,Yoshiko / Miyazono,Hisae 1996 A Viewpoint to the Problem of Child Abuse : Through the Research for the cases Treated by the Child Guidance Center. No.21 pp.145-168.

Language: JPN
Abstract: We report the analysis of the research for 419 child abuse cases treated from january 1992 to march 1994, by 27 Child Guidance Centers which approved our request for the research to this subject, and also report the research for 42 cases treated in same time by Tokyo Child Abuse Protect Center as a control group. We analyzed these subjects typing 4 types as follows. (1) sexual abuse 35 cases (2) physical violence 156 cases (3) physical violence + other abuses 121 cases (4) other abuses (neglect, emotional abuse etc.) 107 cases As the results of this analysis, it was revealed that there were multi problems as poverty, low school career, joblessness, divorce, or alcholic intoxication etc. in the background of the families of these child abuse cases. Especially, type (3) cases had more problems than others. These cases are the cases relieved by the help of Child Guidance Center. These family problems can be said the conditions to be relieved by the side of welfare. It is supposed that much dark figure of child abuse problems kept out of sight in Japan. The most important way to relieve children abused in home is thought to find the way revealling these children.

Hamai,K. 1996 Criminological Research at United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute. No.21 pp.169-176.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Segawa,A. 1997 Contemporary Issures in Justice and Welfare (Symposium Justice and Welfare). No.22 pp.4-5.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Takemura,Noriyoshi 1997 An Epistemology of Punishment and Welfare (Symposium Justice and Welfare). No.22 pp.6-27.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop an epistemology on the relation between punishment and welfare asking for the help of arguments on "Verrechtlichung (=leagalization)" mainly developed in Germany. Looking at a practical situation on the mixture between punitive codes and assist codes and the relationalization between penal and welfare systems, it is negative in the correctional stage and positive in the rehabilitative stage in general. It is extremely difficult to make punitive codes and assist codes coexist and it connect together and it has a possibility to impede functions of both systems. Now "criminal-justice-welfare" or "penal welfare complex" theories and practices are, however, being developed and are going to be developed in the near future. But if different codes, punitive codes and assist codes, are uncritically related and connected, we will be able to find "disciplinary welfare sanctions" which put crimes and criminals under surveillance and punitive control in the main. Then an outbreak of "treatment trilemma" cannnot be avoided. Conquering this trilemmma, we have to be emancipated from the "punitive myth" and "criminal justice myth" which regard the processing of crimes and treatment of criminals through penal sanctions and punitive controls as important and necessary. "Pardons" may be a moment of this emancipation. In order to construct a "symbiotic society" based on pardons, it is indispensable to acknowledge the "diversity and difference" and the "independence and autonomy" both on the social level and on the individual level and hold them in high regard. Sanctions or social controls in post welfare states have to be constructed on the "reflexivity" and "contingency". Reflexive and contingent codes which are generated in arrangement relations of plural social matrixes are needed in the future crime-processing or problem-solving systems. This new "reflexive contingent codes" in post-modern society are de-centralized and autopoietic and think a great deal of ways of problem solving by the participation and learning of the persons concerned in opposition to the precedent penal sanction systems in which states appeal to and intervene into clients in the form of punishment and assistence.

Shima,Kazuhiro 1997 Control Strategy versus Welfare Strategy : People's cognition of "Nojyuku-Sya" and the way of meeting problem (Symposium Justice and Welfare). No.22 pp.28-50.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Recently "Nojyuku-sya (homeless people in Japan) problem" has become one of major issues in Japanese metropolitan area. In January, 1996, we made a broad survey of citizen's attitude toward "Nojyuku-sya" in Osaka. According to the data gathered from this survey, most citizens of Osaka obtain any images of "Nojyuku-sya" in their everyday life, and definite opinion about "strategy" to meet this problem. Two "ideal types" of strategy were extracted from these data. One is "Control strategy", and the other is "Welfare Strategy". Control strategy is the way that mobilize police forces to remove "Nojyuku-sya" from neighboring area of citizens. On the contrary, welfare strategy is to support lives of "Nojyuku-sya" by means of various welfare programs. Which strategy do citizens prefer is largely determined by images of "Nojyuku-sya" they have. In this report, for the first, I attempt to estimate volumes of citizens prefer each strategy. Next, I attempt to make clear relationship between citizen's perception of "Nojyuku-sha" and the strategy that citizens choice to "solve" this problem. And, the aim of this report is to identify the marginal position of "Nojyuku-sya" in contemporary urban society and to clarify their difficult situations caused by citizen's prejudice against "Nojyuku-sha".

Nosaka,Akihiro 1997 The Contact between Justice and Welfare : Material Aids in Probation, Parole and Aftercare (Symposium Justice and Welfare). No.22 pp.51-63.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper discusses the welfare aspect of the judicial system in Japan, especially material aids in probation, parole and aftercare. The aim of material aids in probation and parole is to help the offenders in acute financially difficulty or/and without place to live for the purpose of avoiding committing a crime again. The aim of aftercare is to help the offenders without Probation and Parole in the same situation as mentioned above. But aftercare is provided only for those who apply for it in person at the probation office. Both of them are community-based treatment, in particular, aid of meals, clothes, costs of medical care, travel fares, travel fare discount certificate, and referral to the halfway house, etc.. The author of this paper thinks that the judicial system in Japan has the function of welfare for offenders, and that "Justice = Sanction" is only one facet of the judicial system in Japan.

Morita,Akira 1997 The Enforcement of Taisho Juvenile Law and the Concept of "Shiho Hogo" : In the Case of Miyagi Chogoro (Symposium Justice and Welfare). No.22 pp.64-86.

Language: JPN
Abstract: 1) Taisho Juvenile Law was a product of a lengthy debate that extended from 1899 to the Law's final enactment in 1922. This debate was characterized by an intensive cross-cultural dialogue between the thinking underlying American juvenile law and ideas on the treatment of delinquent children that were informed by Japanese cultural history. In contrast to the American notion of the Parens Patriae doctrine, which distinguishes between criminal accountability and rehabilitation of juveniles dichotomously, Taisho Juvenile Law institutionalizes a different concept for dealing juveniles, one which apprehends accountability and rehabilitation not as antagonistic, but rather complementary elements. Taisho Juvenile Law, though-because of strong opposition in the Diet from supporters of the parens patriae philosophy-was only enforced in limited areas, Tokyo and Osaka. From the time of the Law's enacment, Miyagi Chogoro, the head of the Rehabilitation Section at the Ministry of Justice, passionately worked to have it put into practice. 2) My thesis seeks to clarify concretely the above-mentioned non-dichotomous thinking of Japanese Taisho Juvenile Law by exploring the features and structures of Miyagi's thought as expressed in his writings and the official records he drafted. I wish to note that Miyagi, through his philosophical confrontation with parens patriae thinking, created a new and comprehensive legal concept for juvenile law and attendant systems, which he called Shiho Hogo, "judiciary guardianship." My analysis of Miyagi's writings and records describes his brilliant effort to find how best to integrate, within a very Japanese context, his rehabilitative ideals with conflicting notion of criminal accountability.

Matsubara,Hideyo 1997 Theoretical Analysis of Regulatory Enforcement Strategies for Controlling Corporate Crime. No.22 pp.88-104.

Language: JPN
Abstract: In today's social environment, there is a movement toward strengthening regulatory enforcement for controlling corporate crime. In achieving that goal, perhaps one expects attention to be given to criminal sanctions. But, are criminal sanctions truly effective? If not, what is the cause? If criminal sanctions do work, what is the reason for their success? Thus, the author of this article has examined regulatory enforcement for controlling corporate crime, and has proposed that at least in general criminal sanctions do not work as an immediate deterrent to corporate crime. Moreover, the author's concern is what are effective methods for controlling corporate crime. Thus, this article examines theoretically regulatory enforcement strategies for controlling corporate crime. The author tries to analyze the shift of regulatory enforcement strategies for controlling corporate crime from "Re-active Regulation" to "Pro-active Regulation", that is, "Direct Government Regulation" to "Enforced Self-Regulation" and "Indirect Regulation".

Oba,Reiko 1997 Study on Parole and Rehabilitation Process : Through Case Records of Long-Term Prisoners. No.22 pp.106-115.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper attempts to study the factors which prevent offenders from social rehabilitation, specifically focusing on parolees who were sentenced to life imprisonment or more than eight years' imprisonment whose case records can show fairly long process of parole supervision. In this context, the rehabilitation is defined that parolees continue to abide by laws in society. The factors which prevent them from rehabilitation are considered as follows. (1) They have problems in their relationship with family members, relatives and friends. (2) They have few resources, such as money and friends to enjoy spare time with. (3) They have difficulties getting suitable jobs. (4) They have hardships of making compensation for victims. As to get rid of these problems, it is considered Volunteer Probation Officers play an important role for parolees through parole supervision in the performance of family adjustment, giving advice on making good use of spare time, assistance of getting job, and making compensation for victims.

Komiya,Nobuo 1997 Ethnic Problems in English Prisons. No.22 pp.116-129.

Language: JPN
Abstract: England experienced mass immigration from Commonwealth countries in the post-Second World War period because of the shortage of labor in England. Although immigration control has become more strict since the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962, the total ethnic minority population of England has been increasing because of natural growth (high fertility rate) and net immigration. At present, the ethnic minority population accounts for about 5.5 percent of England's total population. As far as the prison population is concerned, 17 percent of the male prison population and 24 percent of the female prison population as of June 30, 1995 were from ethnic minority communities. This data indicates that members of ethnic minority groups are over-represented in prisons relative to their proportion in the population as a whole. Under these circumstances, the Prison Service produced the Race Relations Manual in 1991, aimed at clarifying the Service's race relations policies. This provides a means by which establishments can monitor and improve their performance in implementing the race relations policies, explains the responsibilities of Prison Service staff in this respect, and produces the Race Relations Liaison Officer and the Race Relations Management Team. However, prisoners from ethnic minority backgrounds are still disadvantaged on the grounds of race. A study on race relations in prisons found that there were several cases where ethnic minority inmates were transferred between wings or to another prison in order to maintain good order and discipline despite the fact that both staff and inmates acknowledged that white inmates initiated the conflict. It is said that this kind of racial discrimination is mainly due to the fact that the Prison Service's race relations policies emphasizes the professional behavior expected of the staff without attempting to change underlying attitudes and feelings of the staff.

Kimura,Hiroyuki 1997 Rational Choice Theory in Criminal Justice. No.22 pp.130-142.

Language: JPN
Abstract: In America, from the middle of 1960's, rational choice theory attract a great deal of attention in criminal justice system. This article describes this theory through "back ground assumptions" which was proposed by Alvin Gouldner. Rational choice theory can go back to Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham in the late of eighteenth century. Their argument were based on a campaign for enlightenment which belive that criminals are free, rational, and hedonistic. After 100 years, Gary Becker revived the economic approach for criminal behavior. It improved their contributions as resurrection, modernization. And his thought was accepted to criminal justice system in a friendly way. This attention was caused by situation of economics and criminology surrounding criminal policies. Economics was looking for the field to apply to its knowledge. At the same time, after the an utter failure of criminal policy based on "Great Society", criminal justice system was looking for the inexpensive criminal policy. These two factor pushed the Becker's approach from economics and pulled it to criminology. This approach developed decision making process models. This development was reflection of the criminal justice systems in America, which practically did not work because of like "Syndrome" proposed by psychopathologist. Some problems can be pointed out through background assumptions of rational choice theory. There are the consistency and fluctuation of criminal justice system, the tendency to severe heavy punishment, and the relationship to relativity about criminals.

Ibusuki,M. 1997 Internet for Sociological Criminology. No.22 pp.143-148.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Kawamoto,T. 1997 The Crime (Sentences) Bill in England and Wales. No.22 pp.149-154.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Hogetsu,Makoto 1998 A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective of Becoming Deviant. No.23 pp.4-22.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Symbolic interactionism provides a useful framework for understanding the process by which an individual or group becomes deviant. Such a view includes four assumptions. First, individuals or groups generate a deviant behavior to deal with problematic situations. Second, problematic situations are caused by their life conditions. Third, their choice of deviant behavior depends on how they can control their own action from the standpoint of universal social perspective. Finally, whether they continue the deviant behavior depends on what sort of time-perspectives they have. These assumptions apply to two deviant cases in Japan. One is the AIDS infection hemophiliacs caused by the blood industry. The other is violent action in everyday life committed by the underclass. In the former case, the corporation chooses a short-term deviance for the purpose of keeping their market-share. Not only Corporates, but special hemophilia physicians and Ministry of Health and Welfare officials never take or consider the universal perspective of giving priority to the safety and wellness of patients. The fact that corporation cannot act in a long term perspective under the conditions of significant pressures of getting immediate profits is also related to their deviance. In the latter case, violent behaviors mean the transcendence of deviant's closed future, limited social relationship and depressed everyday life. Unless the problematic situations are changed, deviants seem to continue their violent behaviors to try to recover their identities. These cases suggest that the problematic situations and social-time perspectives held by people will be likely to contribute to the constitution and continuity of deviant behavior.

Kashimura,Shiro 1998 The Norm's Body : How to Apply Ethonomethodological Ideas to Sociology of Crime and Deviance. No.23 pp.23-34.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Ethnomethodological study is an empirical investigation of the methodical features of various of ordinary concerted social activities. It studies the methodological features of such an activity to find out its rational and creative characters. The present paper takes up the idea of "methodical character of ordinary activity" in early stages of the ethnomethodological studies to highlight the intellectually unique position of the ethnomethodology as a study of society. The paper proposes that the uniqueness of ethnomethodology as social investigation is that methodological adequacy of the study comes solely from its subject of the study, i.e. people's methodology as parts of social facts under investigation. For it the methodology of people and the methodology of the observer/analyst are the same thing. People treat crimes, deviants, punishments and other normative phenomena as social facts. Therefore for the ethnomethodological study of normative social phenomena including crimes, punishments etc., social norms are seen as parts of noticeable and tangible facts, or the concreteness of the norm, which the paper calls the norm's body. The later part of the paper examines anethnomethodological classic of J.I.Kitsuse's work, "societal reactions to deviant behavior" (1962) as an example of successful realization of ethnomethodological initiative.

Wada,Yoshitaka 1998 Framework of Interpretive Sociology of Law. No.23 pp.35-48.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Under the influence of French post-modern thought, Interpretive Sociology of Law took an interpretive turn and severely criticized positivism of empiricism idea in social science. However, it also aims to construct new framework to understand complicated reflective relationship between structure of discursive society and dynamism of behavior, and between domination and resistance, based on such conceptions as Practice, Narrative and Discourse. In this paper I applied this perspective on conflict between discourse of modern law and voices of custom in Okinawa. Legal discourse as reflective of modern knowledge appears to penetrate into our everyday life, thereby deeply affecting our consciousness. Although this constitutive power of law is important, it is also true that people make their own perceptions - their voices" - implicit in legal discorse when they invoke law's language in everyday practice. In this sense, legal discourse is nothing but a site where meanings of everyday life are continuously reformed through struggle and coordination between many voices. When considering the relationship between modern legal systems and local customs, for example, this subtle struggles between voices in the everyday practice of law should be investigted in order to more fully appreciate the subtle power of modern legal discourse. Through an analysis of discourse surrounding the Okinawa campaign against customary rules of succession, this paper will attempt to reveal the complicated relationship between the predomination of modern legal discourse and the resistance of local voices in everyday practice. Through this analysis I would like to show that framework of Interpretive Sociology of Law can be applicable in the area of Sociology of Crime.

Tsutomi,Hiroshi 1998 A Juvenile Correctional Practitioner Favors Empirical Approaches. No.23 pp.49-65.

Language: JPN
Abstract: In this paper, the present author argues for the significance of empirical approaches while identifying some defects of interpretive approaches from a standpoint of practitioners working for juvenile corrections. The main claim of the author is that for practitioners empirical approaches to crime and delinquency are more useful than interpretive approaches simply because practitioners' intervention must rely on the knowledge concerning causal relaitonships between independent variables (i.e. intervention) and dependent variables (i.e. crime or delinquency). To show utility of empirical approaches, the author gives two examples. First, he criticizes the contention that psychological understanding of criminals and delinquents is useful to the control of their behavior and then presents replacement discourse which he claims to be based on evidence. The discourse is based on symbolic interactionist theory of delinquency but presented in a framework integrating social control and differential aassociation perspectives. Secondy, the author presents two preliminary anallyses of meaning construction done by practitioners' day-to-day workings. The first analysis examines how a juvenile worker perceives inmates in a juvenile training school, and the second one analyze the variety of stories which classification psychologists construct when making psychological reports of juvenile delinquents. In concluding the paper, the author argues against the present conditions in Japan where empirical evidence has not been utilized in the making of criminal justice policies and calls for more support for empirical approaches.

Ayukawa,Jun 1998 Social Constructionism in the Study of Social Problems and Sociological Criminology. No.23 pp.66-88.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Social constructionism, which has become influential in the sociology of social problems, has recently also become popular in criminology in the United States. Social constructionism subscribes to the view of social problems as a claims-making activity with respect to some putative conditions. It doesn't view social problems as being taken for granted but as being constructed through the interactions among society's members. It focuses on the processes in which some phenomena become defined and constructed as a social problem by society's citizens, groups, organizations and institutions. Social constructionism is similar with the labeling perspective, which proposes that what is deviant depends upon the people's definition of a particular activity and the social reaction to it. This paper considers the differences in the development of social constructionism and the labeling perspective in Japan and the United States and points out the commonality between these two ideas especially in Japan. Social constructionism was criticized as gerrymandering" by Woolgar and Pawluch. They pointed out that social constructionist used objective standards to identify social problems in spite of their proposal of the adoption of the people's definition. In responding to this criticism, social constructionism was divided into three streams-strict constructionism, contextual constructionism, and post modernism. In addition, a few revised versions-social problems work, debunking" and so on-were also proposed. Strict constructionism demands that the researcher refrain from gerrymandering, though contextual constructionism says that it is unavoidable. This paper reviews several works and topics of each social constructionist stream and version and shows their relevance on criminology. Social constructionism is able to innovate sociological criminology where a positivistic way of thinking is influential, as there are diversity and fertility among social constructionism.

Doi,Takayoshi 1998 Juvenile as Offender, Juvenile as Victim : Politics of Description of a Case of Violence to a Teacher in a Junior High School. No.23 pp.90-112.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper studies how a criminal case is constructed in the interaction process prior to criminal investigation and prosecution, taking up a case of violence to a teacher in a junior high school. Spector and Kitsuse define social problems as the activities of individuals or groups making assertions of grievances and claims with respect to some putative conditions." Accoding to this perspective which we call social constructionism, the best approach to reach the reality of social problems is observation of discourses of grievances and claims in detail. We usually locate violence in the opposite side of speech. But the basis of violence is our linguistic activity regarding a situation as violence. Therefore, violence does not exist a priori in our empirical realm. It does exist in our speech about empirical realm. In this sense, violence is a kind of linguistic usage, and is situated in discourses spoken or written in daily life. A case of violence is created during our linguistic interaction process. The reason why a happening is regarded as a case of violence is employment of social categories of violence in discourses refering to a happening. Consequently, an important subject of social construtionism is making it clear how we interpret situation around us and how we use social categories for that purpose. While we interpret a case, what kind of linguistic resources are called out, and how we use them. This paper pays attention to the chain of discourses refering to a concrete criminal case and the interaction process which creates it, according to the frame of Micro-Politics of Trouble" by Emerson and Messinger, who say that a trouble appears through our talking activities about it during interaction process. Hence it follows that we bargain with each other about interpretation of character of a happening, i.e. politics of description" by Gubrium and Holstein develops in the process of definition of a trouble.

Yonekawa,Shigenobu 1998 The Images of Deviance of Japanese Junior High and Senior High School Students. No.23 pp.113-133.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper attempts to explain images of deviance of Japanese junior high and senior high school students from the three viewpoints : (1) whether they regard various deviant or quasi-deviant behaviors as vicious or not, (2) whether they think that they need some social control for such behaviors or not, (3) how they react such behaviors. This paper also attempts to study these images of deviance in relation to senses of students whether they affirm tendencies of maturing in Japanese society or not. For making the above research, questionnaire surveys were conducted in Tokyo, Sendai and Aomori from December 1996 to March 1997. The samples were 714 junior high school pupils (380 boys and 334 girls) and 884 senior high school students (375 boys and 509 girls). The main findings are as follows. 1. The junior high school pupils tend to regard offending behaviors, misbehaviors, problem behaviors in school and so on as absolutely deviant. As compared with the above, the senior high school students tend to regard these behaviors as relatively deviant or nondeviant absolutely in general. 2. Those senses which affirm some aspects of the tendencies of maturing in Japanese society, for example the view of work emphasizing its substantial contents, pointing to welfare and health, and attaching importance to lifelong learning, tend to combine with absolute regarding as deviant. These senses also tend to combine the nontolerant consciousness and attitude for deviant or quasi-deviant behaviors. 3. While the sense of affirming other aspects of tendencies of maturing, thinking much of individual, tends to combine with absolute regarding as nondeviant. This sense also tends to combine the tolerant consciousness and attitude for deviant or quasi-deviant behaviors.

Noda,Yoko 1998 Views on Deviance and its Differentiation in the Process of Maturing of Society : Through the Analys of People's Acceptance of Deviating Acts. No.23 pp.134-156.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This study aims to analyze the differentiation and its mechanism of people's views on deviance with the maturing of society from the angle of people's acceptance of deviating acts. Data are the result of questionnaire surveys conducted in 1996-97 (Samples are 1, 167 general adults, 379 teachers of junior and senior high schools and 308 policemen). In surveys 14 acts were selected as objects of measuring people's acceptance, focusing the marginal acts in the sense there was no agreement socially as to whether they were deviant or not in order to grasp people's views on deviance which changes as society matrues. Half of 14 acts are those which are supposed to decrease (accordingly to become regarded as deviant), and the other half are to increase (according to become regarded as nondeviant), as society is getting matured. In this paper I tried to make clear how people's acceptance of the above-mentioned deviating acts differentiated in relation to their positive or negative consciousness toward the tendency of maturing of society. Then I analyzed the relation between both of them through typological understanding of the view on deviance by use of the quantification method 3.

Tsushima,Masahiro 1998 Delinquency and Unemployment in Postwar Japan. No.23 pp.157-172.

Language: JPN
Abstract: As major non-biological causes of crime, economic differences and influences have attracted the constant attention of sociologists and criminologists for centuries. Increasing unemployment particularly has been regarded as one of the causes of crime. However, contrary to this commonsense view of unemployment and crime, the fact that increasing unemployment leads to decreasing juvenile delinquency has been largely ignored. More concretely, the view exists that unemployment, in general, is positively associated with adult crime but negatively with juvenile delinquency. Using annual time-series data for the period of postwar Japan (1955-1995), this study investigates the impact of unemployment rates on larceny arrest rates for both juveniles and adults and identifies similarities and differences between them. The results generally confirm the hypothesized relationships between unemployment rates and larceny arrest rates : There is a significant negative relationship between adult unemployment rates and larceny arrest rates for younger juveniles and a significant positive relationship between adult unemployment rates and larceny arrest rates for adults. However, there is a positive relationship between juvenile unemployment rates and larceny arrest rates for juvenile offenders, though its relationship is not statistically significant, which is contrary to the hypothesis. Although we can not conclude that juveniles whose parents are unemployed are actually less likely to commit larceny or that unemployed adults are actually more likely to commit larceny, adults' employment opportunities appear to be a key determinant of larceny and its impacts on adults and juveniles are different in terms of criminal behaviors. The implications of these findings are discussed in consideration of the role of family and cross-cultural differences.

Choi,Jong Sik 1998 A Comparative Study on the Protective Measures in Korea and Japan. No.23 pp.174-188.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The Juvenile justice systems in Korea and Japan that make use of a paternalism have much in common. Although there is a close resemblance between the basic systems of the two juvenile laws, they have features of their own, including the discretionary power of the prosecutor. There are 7 protective measures of the Juvenile Law in Korea. And the Juvenile Law of Japan provides 3 protective measures. The important features of the practical application of protective measures in Korea and Japan can be summarized as follows : Firstly, the distribution ratio of dismissal without hearing and discharge after hearing in Korea is 5% and less every year, but that of Japan is on the whole 75% or more every year. Secondly a protective measure to pre-delinquent juvenile in Korea is few in practice. But the number of juveniles dealt with as pre-delinquents at the Family Court of Japan are on the whole 1, 000 persons or more every year. Thirdly, there is little difference between Korea and Japan in the practical application of probationary supervision. However, the measure of probationary supervision in Korea is, for the most part, the concurrent measure, on the contrary, probationary supervision of Japan is an independent measure. Fourthly, there are 11 child education and training homes in Korea. In Japan, they are as many s 57 facilities. Finally, the two countries commit juvenile delinquents to a Reform and Training School. However, there is not a Medical Reformatory in Korea.

Moriyama,T. 1998 Researches on the Environmental Criminology in Japan. No.23 pp.189-193.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Mimizuka,Hiroaki 1999 The New Paradigm of Schooling in Japan and Adolescent Deviant Behaviors : An Introduction (The New Paradigm of Schooling in Japan and Adolescent Deviant Behaviors). No.24 pp.4-25.

Language: JPN
Abstract: We have experienced drastic change in the paradigm of schooling since "Rinji-Kyouiku-Shingikai" ("Rinkyoshin") which was formed between 1984 and 1987. This change contains a multi-dimensional shift in educational policies, ideas and purposes of education, the structure and function of educational organizations and teaching in schools. We can summarize the new paradigm of schooling after "Rinkyoshin" as individualization and diversification of educational structure, which is based on the New Right's deregulation and marketization policies in education. In an academic symposium held at Kokugakuin University in 1998, we discussed the possible relationship of the emergence of the new paradigm of schooling and adolescent deviant behaviors: Can the new paradigm solve the deviance problems, or can it make new deviance problems, or can the emergence of new deviance problems construct the new paradigm of schooling? This paper outlines and examines the above issues as an introduction to the three articles presented at the symposium. Firstly, after defining the term "new paradigm of schooling", I illustrated some characteristics of educational reform of high school in Japan. Secondly I pointed out two hidden and latent problems which can be caused by the paradigm shift after "Rinkyoshin". One is the possibility of the decline of standard and of the increase of variance of pupils' educational achievement. The other problem, more serious, is declination of socialization function of schools. Japanese schools, according to foreign sociological observers, have had efficient and excellent accomplishment in socializing the adolescent so far: The average conduct of Japanese was highly socialized and under control: The public costs of managing the population and of remedying deviant behavior were low: The social overhead spent on unproductive people was less: The average Japanese exhibited high level of skills and good work habits in the work place. The Paradigm shift to individualization and diversification of educational structure could lead to declination of socialization function of schools, which could make new adolescent deviance problems in our society. This means a crisis of Japanese education, and of our society itself.

Ito,Shigeki 1999 New paradigm of Schooling : Can It Solve the Deviance Problems? (The New Paradigm of Schooling in Japan and Adolescent Deviant Behaviors). No.24 pp.26-42.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Since 1980's, the paradigm of schooling has been changing drastically. The change contains pursuit of individuality, introduction of various types of education or school, integration of curriculum, and downsizing and liberalization of schooling. Along with it, discourses about education or schooling have changed. They emphasize conflict between teachers and pupils, and set the goal of schooling very abstractly, as shown in the slogans such as "Power of Living" or "Education of Mind". The New Paradigm of Schooling is advocated referring to the various deviant behaviors of pupils and teachers, which have become social problems for these two decades, for example, school violence, bullying, school refusal, or corporal punishment. In such discourses, "Old Paradigm of Schooling" is regarded as the cause of the various problems, and it is assumed that The New Paradigm surely solves them. But, as seldom referred, those behaviors of pupils and teachers have long been existing even though they were not paid attention to. Also important enough, people's sensitivity and attitude towards schooling have changed. They prefer individuality, privacy, rights, and equality. They no longer trust nor authorize schooling. So it is sure that The Old Paradigm no longer fits into them. Consequently, the change of paradigm being embodied in educational reform is in a sense inevitable. And some of the reform will be able to reduce or normalize the deviant behaviors to some extent. Moreover, school is expected to withdraw from controlling pupils' deviance. But, it is not recognized that some other agents should be responsible for the control of deviance if school is exempted from it. Owing to the downsizing of schooling, more and more teenagers are supposed to enter into various places outside school and some types of deviant behavior are sure to appear. Discourses which expect downsizing of schooling doesn't take it into account.

Hida,Daijiro 1999 The Changing Features of High School Deviant Control : from Uniformed Behavior Control to Individualized Internal Control (The New Paradigm of Schooling in Japan and Adolescent Deviant Behaviors). No.24 pp.43-59.

Language: JPN
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to clarify the changing features of high school deviant control and its factors. The author surveyed same high schools which I had surveyed 18 years ago in 1979. At the time, high schools strictly controlled students' behavior both inside and outside school. However now school deviant control is eased, covering only inside school and retreated from behavior control. High schools today focus their effort on student mental care. The author surveyed high school deviant control changes and school system factors and school paradaigm factors which caused deviant control changes. The following are the findings of this paper. First, Parents' and students' expectation on high school education extremely decreased. Mental socialization became more and more important. Teachers cannot make consensus on deviant control guidelines and students became a clients of mental care and healing. Secondly, these changes are facilitated by some paradigm changes. High school set limits of their responsibility and the place responsibility on family and other local agencies. Values concerning student control are becoming controversial and there are no consensus about educational matter. Education which emphasizes KOSEI-NO-JUSI ("respect for individuality") changes student control from uniformed mass control to individual control and guidance from behavior control to mental counseling. The eleven schools the authors surveyed are located in two rural prefectures. Interviews were conducted with the headmasters and directors of academic guidance, career guidance and student activities. Also, questionnaires were distributed to and filled by second grade students and all teachers surveyed.

Watabe,Makoto 1999 Youth and Children Problems : Their Influence on Educational Policies in Japan (The New Paradigm of Schooling in Japan and Adolescent Deviant Behaviors). No.24 pp.60-93.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Do youth and children problems, such as juvenile delinquency, significantly influence on educational policies in Japan? I argue that they have had influence in current Japan. A good example of this occurred in 1997 in Kobe, Japan, when a junior high school student murdered and wounded elementary school students. This case (called the Kobe case) had a great influence on the inquiry and the report "About What 'Kokoro-no-kyoiku' (education of mind) From Infancy Should Be" by Central Council for Education (CCE) in 1997 and 1998. This paper discusses the relationship between the case and the report. Protected by public opinion that came to emphasize social norm after the case occurred, and interim report of the council tried to depict that youth deteriorated, and work out what the youth and children should be. The CCE's report played a role of weakening a tendency toward "individualization" and "diversification" in educational realms, which has steadly developed among parents, teachers, the youth, and children. On the other hand, the report promoted and educational policy oriented to "socialization" and "standardization". Features of the report include: "interfering in a family education"; "emphasizing moral education"; "working on the 'harmful environment' problems"; "proposing what youth and children should be"; and "advocating the 'Ikiru-chikara (the youth's and children's ability in living) and the 'Kokoro-nokyouiku' (education of mind). These features indicate that an educational policy proposed by the report is based on a concept that the youth and children are fundamentally deprived in Japan. In conclusion, the CCE's report is strongly influenced by the Kobe case.

Matsunaga,Hiroaki / Okura,Yuji 1999 Bullying and the Structure of School System. No.24 pp.113-128.

Language: JPN
Abstract: There are a number of ways used in bullying from mischief to delinquency but what is most inherent in bullying? The study analyzes the behavior and consciousness of Japanese elementary and junior high school students in the widely-disputed social problem-bullying. The analysis is focused on the fourfold structure in school system which encloses a student and at the same time reflects the social relations among students; peer group, class, grade and the whole school. The findings include (1) peer group and class are the main place where bullying is practiced; (2) when bullied, the victim children can hardly mobilize third parties like friends, teachers and parents to moderate the case; (3) in many cases, neither teachers nor parents recognaize bullying incidents. Moreover, classmates as witnesses of the case tries to keep distance from the case. The structure of school system explains the second and the third points. On one hand, students have to maintain social relations with peers. On the other hand, the fixed fourfold structure of school system functions to block the intervention of third parties into bullying incidents. Moreover, bullied students have no way to escape from the state of bullying, since the school system usually do not allow them to be replaced to another class, grade or school. As a consequence, the school system itself allows the maintenance of bullying in peer group and classroom. Consideration of the school system is duly encouraged in the discussion of bullying.

Matsumoto,Yoshio 1999 The Peculiarity of Crime Situation in Recent Japan : Consideration on the Extraordinary High Percentage of Juvenile Crime. No.24 pp.129-147.

Language: JPN
Abstract: Recently in Japan, an increase and deterioration of juvenile delinquency is reported by the law enforcement agencies and mass-media. But, I cannot fully agree with these reports. I have, therefore, tried to evaluate the present state of juvenile delinquency as accurately as possible. I adopted these three measures as the criteria of evaluation; (1) rate of delinquency in past 30 years, (2) rate of delinquency of the other countries in the year, (3) rate of adult crime in the year. 1) The rate of juvenile delinquency in 1996 (10.1: per 1000 teenagers) is average compared with the data of past 30 years. 2) This rate is lower than such countries as the United States, Great Britain, Germany and France. 3) But, this rate is extraordinarily high compared with the rate of adult crime in the year. The arrested of teenagers equal 50% of the total, even though they make up 13% of the total population. By the way, these trends began to emerge from around 1980. I regard these trends as "extraordinarily low percentage of adult crime." Why does this peculiar situation arise? I considered this question from the three points of view. 1) Viewpoint of environmental conditions: Environments surrounding crime had differential effects on adults (decriminalization9 and on juvenile (criminalization). 2) Viewpoint of relation between adult and juvenile (on system level and individual level); Systematization of society tends to suppress deviation of adults, while promoting deviation of juvenile. 3) Viewpoint of crime-structure; Crime structure has been changing largely. "Ordinary crime" such as theft and violence became the domain mainly of juvenile, while traffic-crime and business-crime became more serious for adults.

Inoue,M. 1999 Studies in Family Violence. No.24 pp.148-154.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Miyazawa,S. 1999 Criminal Justice Studies at University of California at Barkeley. No.24 pp.155-164.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Ayukawa,J. 2000 The Purport of "The Challenge of Social Constructionism : An International Symposium from Japan and the United States". No.25 pp.4-9.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Kitsuse,John I. 2000 Introduction to the International Symposium(The Challenge of Social Constructionism: An International Symposium from Japan and the United States). No.25 pp.10-11.

Language: ENG
Abstract

Best,Joel 2000 Studying the Social Construction of Crime Problems(The Challenge of Social Constructionism: An International Symposium from Japan and the United States). No.25 pp.12-28.

Language: ENG
Abstract: Social constructionism focuses on how people assign meaning to the world. It views what we know-our categorization of reality-as created or constructed through social interaction(Berger and Luckmann 1967). Constructionist studies of social problems examine how and why particular phenomena become a focus of concern and defined as social problems(Spector and Kitsuse 1977; Loseke 1999). Over the last thirty years, constructionism has become a leading theoretical framework for research on social problems, including studies of the social construction of crime problems. Most criminology treats crime and criminal justice as objective phenomena, as having an independent, observable existence. Traditional criminology seeks to measure rates of crime, imprisonment, and other phenomena presumed to be objectively observable. In constrast, constructionist criminology denies that crime or criminal justice have an independent, objective existence. Constructionism highlights the importance of the subjective, of what people define as constituting a crime, or what they consider the appropriate societal response to criminality. Constructionists argue that crime and criminal justice are shaped in many ways by the definitions of various actors, including reformers, policy makers, the mass media, criminal justice officials, and the general public.
�Љ�\�z��`�͐l�X��ǂ̂悤�ɐ��E�ֈӖ��t�^��̂��𒲍��.��Ȃ킿, �Љ�\�z��`��, �Љ�w�҂��q�ϓI��E�𒼐ړI�Ɍ��ł��Ƒz�肷��, �ނ��낷�ׂĂ̎Љ��͍s�׎҂̎�ϓI��`�𔽉f��Ă��Ǝ咣��.��̂��Ƃ�, �ƍ߂ƌY��i�@�̌��ɂ��Ă�, �ǂ̂悤�ɂ܂��Ȃ��ƍ߃J�e�S��[��l�X�̊֐S��Ђ��̂�, �Y��i�@��􂪍l�Ă��{��d��, ��l�ȃJ�e�S��[�ɏ��s�׎҂��ǂ̂悤�ɔƍ߂�Y��i�@��قȂ��ė��̂��ɂ��Č��邱�Ƃ��Ӗ��.�\�z��`�ɂ��ƍ߂̕��͂́A��E�Ɋւ��郌�C�u��O��_�̏�ɒz��Ă͂��邪, �͂邩�ɍL��͈̔͂�ΏۂƂ��Ă��.��Ȃ킿, �N��C��\��Ă�ʂ��Ă̔ƍߖ��̍\�z, ��f�B�A�ɂ��񓹂�ʂ��ẴN��C��̕��y, �Y��i�@��̑n��Ǝ��{��, �ƍߖ��Ɋւ��l�X�̒�`�Â��܂�ł��.�\�z��`�p�[�X�y�N�e�B��i�W��邽�߂̍ł��L�]�ȕ��@�̈��, ��j�I�ȕ��̎��ɂ܂��邠�邢�͕��̎Љ�̔�r��ł��.

Holstein,James A. / Gubrium,Jaber F. 2000 An Interpretive Analytics for Social Problems(The Challenge of Social Constructionism: An International Symposium from Japan and the United States). No.25 pp.29-48.

Language: ENG
Abstract: This symposium on social problems provides a timely opportunity for considering social constructionist themes that are highlighted by cross-cultural and comparative studies. The articles in this volume offer a point of departure for engaging a persistent issue for constructionist studies: how do researchers incorporate elements of context into constructionist analysis without committing epistemological heresy? After briefly discussing two of these articles, we will review the controversy over context that these papers bring to mind. We then propose a constructionist analytics that systematically addresses some of the issues that have inhibited empirical inquiry into the social construction of social problems.
��{�l�̍\�z��`�҂ɂ��̌��o��_�Ƃ��, ��̘_��͂ǂ̂悤�Ɂu�R��e�N�X�g�v�̓��Љ��̎Љ�I�\�z�̋c�_�֎��邩�Ƃ��N��.�o��I�Ɏ��s�\�ŗ��_�I�Ɉ�ѐ��A�v��[�`��߂�, ��, �t�[�R�[�ɂ��discourse-in-practice�̕��͂ƃG�X�m��\�h��W�[�ɂ��discursive practice�ւ̊֐S��瓱��o��, �Љ��̉��ߓI��͊w��N��.��̕��͊w��, ��͓I��-��ߎ��H�́u��v�Ɓu�ǂ̂悤�Ɂv�̗��҂��߂��@�_�I��͓I�Ȏ葱��-�Ƃ��@�ɂ��Ă��̕��A�v��[�`��i��񋟂��.��, discouse-in-practice��discursive practice�̃��t��N�V��ȑ��ݍ�p��邱�Ƃɂ��ĖӖړI�ȑI��I��Ύ�`�ƃR��e�N�X�g�̕��ۉ��𖢑R�ɖh�~��.

Yamamoto,Isao 2000 Legislation on Sexual Misconduct in Tokyo and the Rhetoric of Victimization(The Challenge of Social Constructionism: An International Symposium from Japan and the United States). No.25 pp.49-66.

Language: ENG
Abstract: ��̘_��ł�, �u��ہv�ƌĂ΂�錻�ۂ̎Љ��ߒ��̈�[��Љ�\�z��`�I�ɋL�q��.��̃J�e�S��[�ɂ��鏗�q��N��ǂ̂悤�Ɉʒu�Â��ꂽ�̂��ɒ��ڂ��.��S�I�ɂƂ肠��̂�, ��s�c��ɂ��u��s��K��v��̐��s��N��苦�c��Ɏ��₷�邩�ǂ��_��ꂽ�ꍇ�ł��.�}�X��f�B�A�ɓo�ꂵ, �l�X�̒��ڂ��W�߂��̌��ۂ�, ��s�ł͐��N��̉��^��𑣂�, �u��s��v�K�萧��Ɋւ��Ď^�ۗ��w�c��Ȃ��ʂ̒�E��菑��s�c��ɒ�o��, ��s��K��݂��Ȃ��Ƃ��]��̓s�̕��j�̌��ʂ��}��ꂽ�B��s��Ŕޏ��Q�҂Ƃ��邱�ƂŁu��v�̉��͂��N��C��c��œW�J��, �c��̐R�c�̉ߒ��ł́u��邽�߂Ɉ��s��v�Ƃ��^��h��, �u��s��͏��.�K�v�Ȃ��̂͋��ł��v�Ƃ��Δh�̉��V��݂�ꂽ.��ɂ��, ��u��Q�ҁv�ƈʒu�Â��郌�g��b�N�ł��, ��́u��Q�҃R��e�X�g�v(Holstein and Miller 1990)��ώ@��ꂽ�B��, ��{�x�́u��ۂ͔��t�ł��v�Ƃ̃L��y�[��͂�, ��ۂ̑��߂��q��𔄏t�h�~�@�ᔽ�Ƃ��ߕ߂��.��̏ꍇ�͉��ۂɂ��鏗�q��N�͔�Q�҂Ƃ��Ăł͂Ȃ�, ��̒��ɑ΂��u��Q�ҁv�Ƃ��Ĉʒu�Â��Ă��.��Ȃ킿, ��錻�ۂ��u��E�v�Ȃ��u�Љ��v�ƈʒu�Â��ɍۂ�, ��ɂ��҂��u��Q�ҁv�Ƃ��艻�Ɓu��Q�ҁv�Ƃ��艻�̑o��Ɋώ@��ꂽ�̂ł��.

Ayukawa,Jun 2000 Constructing Smoking Problem in Japan(The Challenge of Social Constructionism: An International Symposium from Japan and the United States). No.25 pp.67-84.

Language: ENG
Abstract: �{�e��, ��{�ɂ��i��̎Љ�I�\�z�ɂ��, �A��J��O��̂��Ɣ�r��邩��ōl�@��̂ł��.�A��J��O��ł�, 1960�N�㏉��Ƀ^�o�R�̃e��r�R�}�[�V��֎~��ꂽ�̂��͂��߂Ƃ��ĐϋɓI�ȋK��􂪍u��, �i��s��̈�E��i�߂�ꂽ�̂ɑ΂�, �킪��ł̓^�o�R��̔��N�ɂ킽��Đꔄ��x�̂��Ƃōs��, ��c��呠�Ȃ̊Ǌ��̂��Ƃɂ��, ��Ȃɂ��ϋɓI�Ȏ��g�݂��S�O��Ă��.�A��J��O��̔��i��c�̂��I�ɖL��ɑg�D��ă��[�K��A�N�V��v�Ȑ헪�Ƃ��̂ɑ΂��, �킪��̔��i��c�̂͂ނ��{��e�B�A�ɂ��ĒS��Ă��, �o�ϓI�ɐƎ�ŃN��C��\��Ă̋@��I�ł��.�Ȃ�, ��v��l��ǂ̂悤�ɍ\�z��̂��͔��ɋ��[��g�s�b�N�ł͂��邯��ǂ�, �Љ��̍\�z�Ɋւ��鍑�۔�r��ɂ��Ă�, ��R��L��Ȃ��l�X��قȂ�Љ�ɂ��̎Љ��Ɋւ��m��Ȃ��l�X�ɑ΂��, �Љ��̏󋵂ƃR��e�N�X�g�ɂ��Đ��ۂ�, ��v��l�֌��y��邱�Ƃ͗L�Ӌ`�ȕ��@�̈�ł��Ǝv��.(�{�e�ł�, �z��X�^�C��ƃO�u��A��ɂ��R��g�_��Ō��y��Ă��, �i��, ��{�E�s��̑Ή��є��i��^��Ɋւ��錟��𒆐S�ɋL�q��, �i��ɌW��郌�g��b�N�̕��͂ɂ��Ă͕ʍe�ɏ��邱�ƂƂ��.)

Matsunaga,Hiroaki 2000 Social Factors of the Abolition of Punishment in Public Space. No.25 pp.86-102.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This study analyzes the relationship between the abolition of punishment in public space and social changes in Japan. Penal system in Edo period functioned to maintain the status order and then punishing people in public was indispensable to restore broken status order because symbolic event of violence to the offender's body revived social consciousness of the large social distance between offender and victim. Modernization and collapse of status order in Meiji period forced feudal penal system changed. Punishment vanished from public place because of Ritsu-ryou system introduced. The system was soft on criminals but it is not very important. Behavior and consciousness of intellectuals and statesmen who aspire to rationalize penal system represented a more important factor that they reflected changing social order; punishment in public space had been invested with a "punishment" meaning for rigid status order existing and it became a cruel behavior when status order collapsed. As a consequence, the feudal relics had been abolished in twelve years.

Hirayama,Mari 2000 The Legislative Process and the Problems of "Megan's Law" : A Study for the Theories of Victims Policies. No.25 pp.104-122.

Language: JPN
Abstract: It is welcomed that victims policy has developed recently in Japan. In this trend, however, there is a danger that "viewpoints of actual victims" are substituted for "viewpoints of potential victims(namely citizens)" in victims policy. Its typical example is Megan's Law in the U.S.A. In this paper, I examine the legislative process and the problems of Megan's Law. My examinations are following. As problems of the political character of the legislative process of Megan's Low: 1.The panic among citizens provoked by the sensational sexual crime helped Megan's Law pass in a rapid speed; 2.The politicians were very active toward Megan's Law's enactment because they wanted to show citizens that they cared for citizens' safety; 3.The Federal Government's role was great too, because they compelled all states to enact Megan's Law in a certain period. Next, as problems of actual functions of Megan's Law: 1.Megan's Law violates offenders' constitutional rights. And many offender have been attacked and ostracized by citizens; 2.The possibility of grasping sexual offenders. Megan's Law targets only a part of dangerous sexual offenders and gives citizens a false sense of security; 3.There may be the problem of "Crime displacement" and also it has not proved yet that Megan's Law prevent offenders from reoffending. From these perspectives, it can be said that Megan's Law makes it easier for law enforcement officers to track sexual offenders even after their release. As information provision systems for victims are developing recently in Japan, I think that examining problems stated above is important to discuss victims policy in Japan. And at last, I stress that the fundamental issue of victims policy is to respect victims' rights and offenders' rights at the same time, so policies which limits offenders rights too much should be criticized.

Yamaguchi,Takashi 2000 Experience of Problems and Claims-Making about "Ijime"(Bullying). No.25 pp.123-134.

Language: JPN
Abstract: This paper examines the difficulty of the claims-making of "ijime" by victims. The word "ijime", that is applied to the experience of "victims", is prone to make them ashamed because they feel that the problem lies within themselves. So they are unwilling to make claims. Focusing upon the interrelation between the interaction order and the public discouse, I analyze the difficulty of the claims-making in the micro-politics of the trouble. In the face-to-face interaction, the smooth projection of the definition of the situation is maintained at the cost of covering the stigma that marks inferior traits. In the public discouse, although the idea that victims of "ijime" bear inferior traits is ruled out, it is assumed that the harmonizing the definitions of the situation must come before everything else to benefit victims. Upon that, because of the feature of the `ijime"-relevant category, the effort to dismiss contradictions about the definitions of the situation restores the word "ijime" as the sanction to the weak character of a participant in the micro-politics of the trouble process. Therefore, the claiming of "ijime" becomes difficult. But the dominant educational discourse heavily problematizes "ijime", so adults adopt the remedy that they must discover "the signs" of children being bullied. This remedy in which one implicitly detects the other's state of mind involves an assumption that the taken-for-granted definition of the situation is maintained smoothly by implicit tact, so it eliminates the conflict of the definitions of the situation through conversation. And it reinforces the difficulty of the claims-making about "ijime".

Harada,Y. 2000 Continuity and Change in the American Society of Criminology. No.25 pp.135-140.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Kawai,M. 2000 Movement for Victim in Japan : Restoration of Humanity. No.25 pp.141-147.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Park,W 2001 Macro Socio-economic Changes and Crime in Contemporary Japan. No.26 pp.4-10.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Roberts,Aki / LaFree,Gary 2001 The Role of Declining Economic Stress in Explaining Japan's Remarkable Postwar Crime Decreases, 1951 to 1997. No.26 pp.11-34.

Language: ENG
Abstract

Tatsuno,Bunri / Kubo,Takashi 2001 Social Tolerance towards Ex-Offenders : Using Social and Economic Indicators. No.26 pp.35-53.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Kobayashi,Juichi / Suzuki,Mamoru 2001 The Effects of Residential Mobility on Juvenile Delinquency : A Test of Social Disorganization Theory. No.26 pp.54-70.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Harada,Yutaka 2001 A Geographic Analysis of Crime in a Large Urban City of Japan. No.26 pp.71-92.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Otawa,Naoki 2001 Reconsidering of "Relative Deprivation theory" : an attempt of the upper class:student culture/the lower class:youth culture model. No.26 pp.116-140.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Atarashi,Eri 2001 On legislation of Hate Crime Sentence Enhancement laws in the United States : Social dynamics of ethnic groups susceptible to hate crimes. No.26 pp.141-162.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Noda,Sumiko 2001 A Study on Discussions for making Law of Juvenile Protection : focusing on the youth independence and upbringing. No.26 pp.163-180.

Language: JPN
Abstract

DOI,Takayoshi 2001 Psychologicalized Reality and Sociological Criminology. No.26 pp.182-198.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Goto,Hiroko 2001 Juvenile justice study in Japan : Law Reform and Its Influence. No.26 pp.199-209.

Language: JPN
Abstract

Komiya,Nobuo 2002 The Concepts, Benefits and Types of Restorative Justice : A Commentary on the Featured Articles(Symposium : Restrative Justice : Philosophy and Contemporary Significance). No.27 pp.4-10.

Language: JPN
Abstract: I agree with Maeno's argument that victim-offender restitution and direct conversation are key concepts of restorative justice, because it is necessary to build human, "analog" elements here and there in our society to prevent crimes stemming from the dehumanizing digitalization of society. In addition, as Morris and Umbreit et al. point out, it is necessary to include "conflict resolution by the community" in the key concepts of restorative justice. As Maeno argues, restorative justice offers more opportunities for putting an apology into words and forming a feasible compensation plan than conventional criminal justice does. Another advantage is the considerable extent to which victims and offenders can affect decisions regarding the treatment of offenders, as Morris points out. In addition, according to the article by Umbreit et al., restorative justice might be regarded as a method to reduce recidivism. Maeno notes that restorative justice procedures can be initiated either by lawyers or judges. He assumes that there is no element of compulsion involved when lawyers act as instigators. However, contrary to digital-oriented legal judgments, it is suitable for an analog-oriented restorative justice to evaluate the element of compulsion carefully from a socio-psychological perspective according to the degree to which the lawyer affects the process. Diversity is a key concept in the 21st century. Restorative justice enhances diversity by bringing the victim and the community into the offender-centered, traditional criminal justice system. However, a strong victim support network and community empowerment are necessary to achieve restorative justice.

Maeno,Ikuzo 2002 Restorative Justice : Justice on the Citizen's Initiative (Symposium : Restrative Justice : Philosophy and Contemporary Significance). No.27 pp.11-26.

Language: JPN
Abstract: There are no criminal or juvenile justice procedures that are based upon citizen initiative in Japan. Although the victim and community suffer most from crime, they have the least influence on criminal or juvenile justice. A sound justice system cannot be established without including a restorative justice component that meets victims' needs. A victim wants to know why and how the crime was committed, to ask for the offender's apology, and to receive adequate compensation from the offender. It is necessary for Japan to have a system to fulfill these demands. It is much better to realize such demands outside the formal criminal and juvenile justice systems rather than inside them. VOM (victim-offender mediation) is the most suitable forum for meeting the needs of victims. VOM is a more dialog-driven than settlement-driven process. Civil and criminal justice have been entirely separated since the beginning of modern times, contrary to the practices of ancient times when the two were united. Restorative justice combines them again. Offenders' taking responsibility for the harm they caused their victims is much more important than their being punished by the state. In Japan we should pursue restorative justice through the auspices of non-governmental or non-profit organizations. It would be best for a district court or a family court to entrust an NGO or an NPO with carrying out restorative justice.
�C��I�i�@��,��N�O�܂ł�,��{�ł�,��̐l�ȊO�ɂ͂܂��ڂ��Ă��Ȃ��.��ł͎��H��,�C��I�i�@�ɂ��Ę_��邱�Ƃ��Ԃ񑽂��Ȃ��.��ƂƂ��,�C��I�i�@�Ƃ͉��,�ɂ��Ă�,��̑��Ⴊ�ڗ��悤�ɂȂ��Ă��.�{�e�ł�,��{�Љ�ō��Ȃ��C��I�i�@��߂��̂��_��,��,��ɓK��C��I�i�@��,�ǂ̂悤�ȏ��,�ǂ̂悤�ȃ^�C�v�̂��̂ł��邩��_��邱�Ƃɂ��.

Morris,Allison 2002 Restorative justice in New Zealand(Symposium : Restrative Justice : Philosophy and Contemporary Significance). No.27 pp.27-35.

Language: ENG
Abstract

Umbreit,Mark S. / Coates,Robert B. / Vos,Betty 2002 Restorative Justice Through Mediation : What We Are Learning From Research(Symposium : Restrative Justice : Philosophy and Contemporary Significance). No.27 pp.36-57.

Language: ENG
Abstract

Nambu,Saori 2002 Munchausen syndrome by proxy; A form of child abuse in contemporary society. No.27 pp.60-73.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Munchausen syndrome / Munchausen syndrome by proxy / child abuse
�~��q�n�E�[��ǌ�Q / �㗝�l�ɂ��~��q�n�E�[��ǌ�Q / ��s��
Abstract: Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is a rare form of physical abuse in which perpetrators fabricate or induce illnesses in their chargeable persons. These perpetrators then bask in the attention afforded them by others, such as doctors, medical staffs, or relations. They can play good parent's role throughout the predicament in which they have severely ill child. However, the deceiving of doctors results in the children being subjected to unnecessary and injurious medical tests and/or treatments. An overdose case was reported, in which a child was given several medicines because her mother reported multiple signs and symptoms in each hospital. In fact, not a few children are dead of MSBP failure. The characteristics of MSBP suggest that it is a phenomenon linked to broader social issues such as isolation and "virtual reality", not just an aberration. This paper brings in discussions of lessons to be learned about MSBP crime, according situations, medical institution, investigating authority, and criminal court.
�u�~��q�n�E�[��ǌ�Q�v��,��炪�a�C�ł��ƋU��(��U��Q)�l�X��,�d�ǂɂ܂Ŏ��Ƃ��x�̍s�בԗl��w��.��ǌ�Q�Ƃ��Ď��l�X��,�a�C�Ƃ��Љ�I�Ȉ�厖��o��邱�Ƃ�,��͂��璍�ڂ��W�߂邱�Ƃ�ړI�Ƃ��čs��.��,��̂悤�Șc�񂾋��h�S��[��̂ł��,��ɂł͂Ȃ�,��ɋ߂��l��ɑ΂��ĕa�C��ł��グ��Ƃ��@�ɂ��,��̖ړI��B��邱�Ƃ��.��Ă��̏ꍇ�ɂ�,��a�⍼�a��v��Ȃǂ̛U�Ȃȕ��@��Ƃ炸,��ۂɓ��̑��,��ɐƎ�ȓ��c��u�a�C�ɂ��Ă��܂��v�̂ł��.�u�㗝�l�ɂ��~��q�n�E�[��ǌ�Q (Munchausen syndrome by proxy=MSBP)�v�Ƃ�,��̂悤�ȕ��@�ōs�Ȃ��,�s�҂̈�`�Ԃ��w��.�{�e�ł�,MSBP�Ƃ��ȍs�ׂ��Љ�I�ɂǂ̂悤�ȈӖ��̂�,��ɂ͈�Ë@��,�{��@��,�ٔ��̂��ꂼ�ꂪ,MSBP��ɍۂ��Ăǂ̂悤�ȓ_�ɗ��ӂ��ׂ��,��Ăǂ̂悤�ɑΏ��ׂ��𖾂炩�ɂ��.MSBP��,��̐��g�̂��,��߂Ċ댯�ȋs�ҍs�ׂł��.��,�܂��MSBP�Ƃ��ƍ߂��Љ�I�ɔF�m��K�v��,��ɂ͙l�߂𐶂ݏo��Ȃ��߂̓K��Ȋ�Ɛ��m�Ȏ��F�肪�v��.��̂��߂ɂ�,��s�ׂɊւ��w�I��w�т�,�V��MSBP��Љ�a��Ƃ��ĂƂ炦�Ȃ��K�v��ƍl��.

Kobayashi,Juichi 2002 The Empowerment of Community Activities for Preventing Delinquency : A Neighborhood-Level Analysis of Process and Effect. No.27 pp.74-86.

Language: JPN
Keywords: empowerment / community activities / delinquency prevention
�� / �n�抈�� / ��s�h�~
Abstract: Structural equation modeling was used to empirically examine a theoretical model of the process and effect of empowerment of community activities for preventing juvenile delinquency. A questionnaire survey was administered to 10,110 junior high school students, 9,180 parents and 1,421 volunteer activists selected from 92 public school districts throughout the country. The students were asked about their informal relationships with adult residents in the community and recent experiences of delinquency. The parents were asked to report their participation in community activities to prevent juvenile delinquency. The volunteer activists were asked to report their sense of control over their neighborhoods and evaluation of their activities to prevent juvenile delinquency. Since school districts were the units of analysis, the responses to the questionnaire were aggregated to produce neighborhood-level variables, which were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The main results are as follows : 1) More democratic and efficient management is likely to encourage involvement by volunteer activists mainly through increasing their sense of control over their neighborhoods. 2) High levels of participation by volunteer activists is likely to reduce delinquent activities among junior high school students primarily through the increase of informal social control of youth activities by community residents.
�S��92�n��Ŏ��W��f�[�^��n��P�ʂŕ��͂�,�n��̔�s�h�~��v��Z�X�Ɗ��ꂽ��s�h�~��N��s�̔��ɋy�ڂ��ʂɂ��,��ؓI�Ȍ��s��.�\��f��O�̕��͌��ʂƂ��,��I��I��,��s�h�~��^�c��Ă��n��ق�,�Z��{��e�B�A�̊��Ȃ邪,��̊֘A�͏Z��{��e�B�A�̒n��ɑ΂��鎩�Ȍ��͊��̍��ɂ��Ĕ}���邱�Ƃ��炩�ƂȂ��.��,�Z��{��e�B�A�̊��n��ق�,��N��s�̔��Ⴍ�Ȃ邪,��̊֘A��,��N�ɑ΂��n��Z��S�ʂ̓��̒��x�ɂ��Ĕ}���Ă��邱�Ƃ��炩�ƂȂ��.��,�n��̔�s�h�~��ʂ𐶂ނ��߂ɂ�,��I��I�Ȋ��^�c��Ɉꕔ�̏Z��{��e�B�A�̊��邾��ł͕s�\��ł��,�n��ɋ��Z��ʏZ��̑��ނ悤�ɍ�p��邱�Ƃ��ɏd�v�ł��ƍl��.

Yoshikawa,Mamiko 2002 Police decisions to arrest for domestic violence : research on arrest decisions in the United States. No.27 pp.88-101.

Language: JPN
Keywords: domestic violence / gender / leniency thesis
�h��X�e�B�b�N�E�o�C�I��X / �W�F��_�[ / ��傳�̉��
Abstract: Police responses to domestic violence (DV) in the United States drastically changed in the last quarter of the 20th century. Today arrest is the preferred police response to DV articulated in almost every state code. Every state but one authorizes warrantless, probable cause arrest for crimes involving DV. Some states have passed mandatory arrest laws. In spite of the change from "no-intervention" to "pro-arrest" found in both legislations and police department policy, victim advocates and feminist scholars condemn the police for continuing to show leniency toward male suspects in domestic assault cases. Accordingly a number of studies have examined whether police under-enforce laws against DV. This paper suggests two points from the gender perspective of view. First, an officer's genderbias affects his assessment of the intimate relationship between a male suspect and a female victim, which may result in discrimination against female victims. Second, consideration of both gender and due process are required in the police response to DV cases. By reviewing six studies on arrest decisions for DV, this paper seeks to identify the factors that will significantly influence officers' arrest decisions and to delineate situational factors that may protect victims' safety and interests without risking defendants' due process rights.
�č��ɂ��h��X�e�B�b�N�E�o�C�I��X(�ȉ�DV)�ւ̌x�@�̑Ή��,�ߋ��l��I�ŕs��Q�҂̐ϋɓI�ߕ߂ւƑ傫��ω��.��ł͖w�ǂ̏B��u��̗��R�v�Ɋ�Â��ߏ�Ȃ��̑ߕ߂��x�@��ɋ��Ă��.��,�x�@��͉��Q�҂̑ߕ߂ɏ��ɓI�ł��Ƃ��ᔻ�͂Ȃ��Ȃ炸,��u��傳�̉��v��؂��钲��s��Ă��.��Q�҂Ɣ�Q�҂̊Ԃ́u�e��Ȋ֌W�v��Ƃ��DV��ł�,�x�@��̃W�F��_�[�E�o�C�A�X�ɂ��,�ƍ߂ł��\�͂��ꂽ��,��Q�҂��ʓI�Ɉ��ꂽ�肷�邱�Ƃ��.�܂�,DV�ƍ߂ւ̑Ή��ł�,�]��̔�^�҂ɑ΂��f��[�E�v��Z�X�̕ۏ��,�V��W�F��_�[��Ƃ��Ă̔�Q�ҕی�Ƃ��̖ړI��Ȃ��΂Ȃ�Ȃ�.�{�e�ł�,�ߕ߂̌��ɑ傫��e��̂�,��Q�҂Ɣ�Q�҂́u�e��Ȋ֌W�v,�󋵓I�v�f��@�I�v�f�ł��邱�Ƃ��.�u�e��Ȋ֌W�v�̃C�f�I��M�[��w�E��ƂƂ��,�󋵓I�v�f��@�I�v�f��Q�ҕی�̗v��葱�@��̗v��Ƃ��Ɋ֘A��Ă��邩��l��.

OKAMOTO,Hideo 2002 Identification of risk factors for adult criminal behaviour among juvenile delinquents.. No.27 pp.102-112.

Language: JPN
Keywords: recidivism risk factors / juvenile delinquents / adult offenders
�ĔƂ̃��X�N�v�� / ��s��N / ��l�ƍߎ�
Abstract: Only a minority of juvenile delinquents commits crimes after reaching adulthood. The purpose of this study is to identify the risk factors of adult criminal conduct. I monitored the progress of 137 boys, who had been inmates in a juvenile detention and classification home, until they had reached at least age 26. The dependent variable was whether or not the subjects were imprisoned as adults. The independent variables were based on information recorded at the time the subjects were first committed as juveniles. Logistic regression analysis reveals four risk factors : (1) living apart from one's mother, (2) being unemployed, (3) being young at time of first commitment to juvenile detention, and (4) having been committed to a training school or other institution.
��s��N�̑啔��͏��N�̂��ɔƍ߂��牓��邪,�ꕔ�̎҂͐��l��ƍ߂𑱂��.��,�\�オ��Ȃ�Ƃ��͏��N��̂��ɂ��łɌ��悤�ł��.��,�ǂ̂悤�ȗv��琬�l��ƍ߂𑱂��̂��Ƃ��Ƃɂ��Ă̎��ؓI��͏��Ȃ�.��,�{��ł�,��N�ӕʏ��ɓ��N�̃f�[�^��p��Đ��l��̍Ĕƃ��X�N�v��ЂƂ̎��݂��s��.�팱��137�l(�j�q)�ɂ��,�]��ϐ��Ƃ��Ď�Y�̗L��,�Ɨ��ϐ��Ƃ��ď��񏭔N�ӕʏ��̃f�[�^��p��,��W�X�e�B�b�N��A��͂��s��.��ʂƂ��,��e�Ɠ��Ă��Ȃ��,��E�ł��邱��,��N�ӕʏ��N��Ⴂ��,��ď��N�@��v��͋��@��v�̏��󂯂��Ƃ�,��X�N�v��Ƃ��Č��o��.��_�Ƃ��Ă�,��ɂ��ƍ߂ւ̋��X��Љ�I��Ȃ̎コ��Y��邩�ǂ��ɑ傫��e��邱�Ƃ��.

Tsutomi,H. / Farrington,David / Petrosino,Anthony 2002 The Campbell Crime and Justice Group in Progress. No.27 pp.113-118.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract: �L��x��v�� (Campbell Collaboration : C2) ��,��w�ɂ��1993�N��{��Ă��R�N��v�� (Cochrane Collaboration : CC) �̐��Ɏh��,�Љ��S�ʂɊւ��]��̌n��I��r��[��s��,��琶�ݏo��G�r�f��X��d�q�}�̂�ʂ��,��S��,��,��,��f�B�A��Ĉ�ʎs��ɒ񋟂��悤�Ƃ��ړI��2000�N�ɔ��ۓI�l�b�g��[�N�ł��.�L��x��,�u��Љ� (experimenting society)�v��S��w�҂ł��]��҂̑c�̈�l�ł��,��Donald T. Campbell�̖��Ƃ��Ă��.�R�N��v�擯�l,�L��x��v��,��҂̎��I��͂ɂ��ēW�J��Ă��.�L��x��v��Y��i�@�� (C2 Crime and Justice Group) ��,�E�ǂ̂悤�ɂ��ƍ߂��炷��Ƃ��ł��̂��E�ƍߎ҂̍ĔƂ�h��ɂ͂ǂ̂悤�ɏ��悢�̂��E��Ƃ��p�Ό��ʂ̂悢�ƍߖh�~�΍�͉�� Ƃ��₢�ɂ��,��@�_�̐i��𔽉f��,�ŗǂ̌n��I��r��[��Y�o��,��瓾��G�r�f��X��,��̏��҂ɂł��藘�p��₷��`�Œ񋟂��邱�Ƃ�ړI�Ƃ��Ă��.

Hirayama,M. 2002 The Recent Tendency of Researches on Restorative Justice. No.27 pp.119-124.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Kobayashi,Juichi 2003 New Directions in Community-Based Crime Control(Symposium: New Directions in Community-Based Crime Control). No.28 pp.4-6.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Welsh,Brandon C. 2003 Community-Based Approaches to Preventing Delinquency and Crime : Promising Results and Future Directions(Symposium: New Directions in Community-Based Crime Control). No.28 pp.7-25.

Language: ENG
Keywords: community / delinquency and crime prevention / effectiveness
�n��Љ� / �ƍ߂Ɣ�s�̗\�h / �L��
Abstract: This paper reviews the existing scientific evidence on the effectiveness of community-based programs to prevent delinquency and crime. Programs were included if they met the following criteria: the community was the focus of the intervention; there was an outcome measure of delinquency or crime; and the evaluation design was of high quality methodologically, with the minimum design involving measures of crime before and after the program in experimental and comparable control conditions. Twenty-two programs were reviewed from three different community-based approaches: gang member intervention, community-based mentoring, and after-school recreation. Each of the three approaches were found to be promising enough to merit further replication and evaluation. Policy implications of the findings are explored and priorities for future research are identified.
��̘_��,��s��ƍ߂�h�~��v��O��̗L��Ɋւ��,��̉Ȋw�I�ȏ؋��ɂ��,��̂ł��.�h�~�v��O��ɂ��Ă�,�ȉ��̊�𖞂��ꍇ�Ɍ��̑ΏۂƂ��.��Ȃ킿,�n��Љ�Ή��̏œ_�ł��邱��,�v��O��{�̌��ʂƂ��Ĕ�s��ƍ߂Ɋւ��̂��肳��Ă��邱��,�ƕ]��̃f�U�C��,��Ȃ��Ƃ��v��O��̎��{�O��Ńv��O��{�n��Ɣ�r�n��̗��Ŕƍ߂̔��肳��Ă��悤��,��@�_�I�Ɏ��̍��Ƃł��.��N�M��O�̍\��ɑ΂��Ή�,�n��ՂƂ��郁��^�[��O,��ی�̃��N��G�[�V��3�̃A�v��[�`��,22�̃v��O��̑ΏۂƂȂ��.��3�̃A�v��[�`�͂��L�]��,��,��ɕ]��𑱂��̂ɒl��邱�Ƃ��炩�ƂȂ��.��瓾��ꂽ�m��̐��I�Ȋ܈ӂ��,��̌��ɂ��D��ۑ��肵��.

Harachi,Tracy W. / Hawkins,J. David / Catalano,Richard F. / Lafazia,Andrea M. / Smith,Brian H. / Arthur,Michael W. 2003 Evidence-Based Community Decision Making for Prevention : Two Case Studies of Communities That Care(Symposium: New Directions in Community-Based Crime Control). No.28 pp.26-38.

Language: ENG
Keywords: Prevention / Community Decision Making / Evidence-based Programs
�\�h / �n��Љ�̈ӎv�� / �؋��Ɋ�Â��v��O��
Abstract: There is increased recognition that in order to effectively address problems such as delinquency, drug use, and violence, communities need to collaborate across sectors and funding streams. Communities That Care (CTC) is an 'operating system' which empowers communities to use data on community levels of risk and protection as diagnostic information to guide the selection of preventive interventions that address each community's profile. Training and technical assistance in CTC provides communities with the knowledge and tools to develop empirically-driven plans to prevent adolescent problems and promote healthy development. This article provides two case studies highlighting distinctly different communities, a small metropolitan town and a middle school which have utilized CTC.
��s,�򕨗��p��\�͂Ƃ��ʓI�ɉ��邽�߂�,�@�֊Ԃ̘A�g�ɂ��n��Љ�̎��g�݂��K�v�ł��Ƃ̔F��܂��Ă��.�u��R�~��j�e�B(Communities That Care: CTC)�v��,�e�n��Љ,�e�X�̖��\�h�I��̑I��𓱂��f�f�I��Ƃ��,�n�惌�x��̃��X�N��ی�̈��q�Ɋւ��f�[�^��p��悤�Ɋ��I�y��[�e�B��O�E�V�X�e��ł��.CTC�ɂ��g��[�j��O�ƋZ�p��,�e�n��Љ��,��N�̏��\�h��,��S�Ȕ��B�𑣐i��邽�߂̌o��ɗ��ł��ꂽ�v��𗧈Ă��m��ƃc�[��񋟂��̂ł��.�{�_��,CTC��p��,�s�s��̏��Ȓ��ƒ��w�Z�Ƃ��,�傫��قȂ�R�~��j�e�B�Ɋւ��2�̎��ጤ��.

Kobayashi,Juichi 2003 Community-Based Control of Juvenile Delinquency in Contemporary Japan(Symposium: New Directions in Community-Based Crime Control). No.28 pp.39-54.

Language: JPN
Keywords: community / delinquency prevention / multilevel analysis
�n��Љ� / ��s�h�~ / ��d��x��
Abstract: A series of empirical analyses were conducted to examine current situations of community-based control of juvenile delinquency in Japan. Survey data used in the analyses were collected in 92 public school districts throughout the country. A questionnaire survey was administered to 10,110 junior high school students and 9,180 parents. The junior high school students were asked to answer questions regarding their relationships with parents, degree of school achievements, participation in community activities, and informal relationships with adult residents in the community, and recent experiences of delinquency. As for the parents, they were asked to report their involvements in community activities to prevent juvenile delinquency. In the first analysis, multilevel Poisson regression analysis was used to examine neighborhood effects on delinquency among junior high school students. The major result of the first analysis is that students are less likely to engage in delinquency in the neighborhood where residents provide more informal social support for adolescents. Among male students, this tendency is more conspicuous among those who receive less parental control or have better scholastic achievements. In the second analysis, neighborhood-level correlation coefficients were calculated between level of delinquency and students' participation rate in different kinds of community activities. The major result of the second analysis is that higher rate of participation in cleanup activities is most conspicuously correlated with lower rate of delinquency. Furthermore, another important correlate of lower rate of delinquency is found to be higher rate of students who experienced cooperative pursuits of tasks in community activities. Implications of findings for practice and research were discussed.
�S��92�n��Ŏ��W��f�[�^�𕪐͂�,��͌��ʂɈˋ��,�䂪��̒n��Љ�ɂ��s��@�\�̌��.��d��x��͂̌��ʂƂ��,�j��Ƃ�,��w��̔N��,�ƒ��w�Ɛ��тƂ��l�󋵂𓝐��,��N�ɑ΂��Z��̓��n��ł�,��w��̔�s��I�ɏ��Ȃ��Ƃ��炩�ƂȂ��.��,��ݍ�p�̌��ʂ��,�j�q��w��ł�,�e�q�֌W��w�ƓK��̏󋵂ɂ��,�n��Z��̓��s��ɋy�ڂ��e��傫��قȂ邱�Ƃ��ꂽ.��,��s�h�~��̑ԗl�ʂɊ��Ɣ�s��Ƃ̊֘A��ʂƂ��,�e��Љ�Q��̒��,��̊��ł��I�ɔ�s��ƕ��̊֘A��Ƃ��炩�ƂȂ��.��,�Љ�Q��ɂ��,��l�Ƌ��͂��ĕ��B��o��Ƃ��w��̔�s��h�~��ŏd�v�ł��邱�Ƃ��ꂽ.��s�h�~��̌��ʓI�ȑԗl��ڍׂɌ��邱�Ƃ��̉ۑ�ł��.

Tatsuno,Bunri 2003 The Participation of Volunteers for Victim Support Activities in residential areas(Symposium: New Directions in Community-Based Crime Control). No.28 pp.55-65.

Language: JPN
Keywords: victim support / citizen participation / community-based organization
��Q�Ҏx�� / �Z��Q�� / �n��Љ�Ɋ�Ղ��g�D
Abstract: This paper is intended as an investigation of what the difficulties are in getting the cooperation of local residents for victim support activities and how to get many volunteers from the local area for victim support centers. While many people are interested in victim support activities, few residents participate in them. The reason for this is that there are few organizations to participate in, there is little information about victim services, and people are anxious due to a lack of skills for victim support. To prompt residents to participate in victim support activities in local areas, (1) the role of the volunteer should be limited, (2) the opportunities for training should be increased and (3) many victim support centers should be organized into small local groups. In addition to these, effective PR should be continued to increase interest and to promote understanding and the cooperation of local residents for victim support.
��Q�Ҏx��ɑ΂��Z��̈ӎ��֗^�̒��x�Ȃǂ𒲍��ʂ��疾�炩�ɂ��,�n��ɂ��Ĕ�Q�Ҏx��s��Ă��ۂ̉ۑ��,��̎Q��⋦�͂𑣂��߂̕��ɂ��Č��s��.��Q�Ҏx��ɑ΂��ʏZ��̊֐S�͍��̂�,��ۂɎQ��l��͏��Ȃ�.��̗��R�Ƃ��,�Q��ꏊ��@��̏��Ȃ�,��ɐڂ��@��̕s��,��I�m��̕s��ɑ΂��s��Ȃǂ��.�Z��̎Q��𑣂��߂ɂ�,��̉ʂ��I�Ȃ��̂ɂ��,��u��₷��g��[�j��O�̋@��𑝂₵��,��͈͂̎x��g�D��肷�邱�ƂȂǂ��K�v�ł��.�܂�,�Z��̊֐S��߂��藝��[�߂��肷�邽�߂Ɍ��ʓI�ȍL�񊈓��𑱂��Ă��K�v��.

Onuki,Takamichi / Matsuki,Hiroto 2003 Social Construction of Motive and Membership Categorization : On Psychiatric Assessment in the "Ashikaga Case". No.28 pp.68-81.

Language: JPN
Keywords: motive / membership category / psychiatric assessment
��@ / ��J�e�S��[ / ��_�Ӓ�
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explicate the logic through which intelligibility of a murder case is achieved in the trial of the so-called "Ashikaga Case" from the perspective of ethnomethodologically informed constructionism. In May 1990, a four year old girl went missing and was found murdered. Mr. S was arrested as a suspect in the case and then prosecuted. In the first instance, he admitted his guilt and there was no apparent disagreement as to whether he had killed the girl. He was categorized as a "pedophile" in psychiatric assessment, which made it accountable that he had the motive for the crime. But, after having received a verdict of guilty, he appealed to a higher court and affirmed that he was innocent. Although, during the appeal hearing, there is explicit disagreement as to whether he had committed the crime, motive attribution and membership categorization having done in the first instance still made it accountable that he was the murderer. Building bridges between C. W. Mills' ideas about vocabularies of motive and ethnomethodological membership categorization analysis originated from H. Sacks, our focus is on the reflexive constitutive relation between membership category and motive as its predicate. And also, we try to empirically point out the problems with the usage of psychiatric assessment in court and its consequence.
�{�e�̖ړI��,��u��v�̖@��ɂ��,��̗��\��Ȃ��H��ʂ��Đ��Ă��̂��𖾂炩�ɂ��邱�Ƃɂ��.1990�N5��,�Ȗ،��s��4�΂̏��̎q��s��s��ƂȂ�,�N�E��̂ƂȂ��Ĕ��.��̎��őߕ߁E�N�i��ꂽS��,��R�̓r��܂ł�,�ƍs��F�߂Ă��,�T�i�R�ȍ~��,��߂��咣��悤�ɂȂ��.��,��R�łȂ��ꂽ��_�Ӓ�ɂ��,S��́u�㏞��ҁv�Ɛf�f��,��ꂪ��̓��@�ƔF�肳��Ă��.��,��̂悤�Ȑ��J�e�S��[��H��,�T�i�R�Ȍ�ɂ��Ă�,��Ɛl�Ƃ��Ď��𗝉��邱�Ƃ��\�ɂ��Ă��.�܂�,S��̔ƍs��O��,��ɓK��I�Ȃ��̂Ƃ��č\��ꂽ��@��,��ꂪ�۔F��,��̑��Ƃ��ĒE��,��<��@��L��^�Ɛl>�Ɨ��ꂽ�̂ł��.�{�e�ł�,��@�̌�b�_(C.W.�~��Y)�Ɛ��J�e�S��[��(H.�T�b�N�X)��ˋ��邱�Ƃɂ��,�ƍs��@�̍\��ƍs�׎҂ւ̐��J�e�S��[��ݔ��f�I�Ȋ֌W�ɂ��邱�Ƃ�_��ƂƂ��,�@��ʂɂ��鐸�_�Ӓ�̗p�@��܂�ł��Ƃ��̋A��o��I�Ɏw�E��.

Sato,Akihiko 2003 On the Accounts and Descriptions in the Qualitative Researches of Drug Use : Scientific/rational methods in Symbolic Interactionism and the Analysis of Discourse. No.28 pp.82-95.

Language: JPN
Keywords: drug use / Symbolic Interactionism / Discourse Analysis
�򕨎g�p / �V��{��b�N��ݍ�p�_ / �f�B�X�R�[�X��
Abstract: This paper examines the methods of qualitative research of drug use in terms of its rationality, especially with two research in the School of Symbolic Interactionism. One is research on opiate addiction done by Alfred R. Lindesmith (1938, 1947, 1968), and another is on the world of drug users done by Herbert Blumer and his assistants (1967). Lindesmith's work used his own observations, interviews with addicts, and many documents which describe addiction in order to analyze the process whereby people become addicted. He adopted the analytic induction to formulate the theory of addiction. This procedure is approved as scientific and rational, because the analytic induction is not a genuine induction but a hypothetico-deductive method, the standard method of the positive science. Blumer's work also used interviews with drug users to analyze several careers of drug users, but the accounts in his work are revealed as non-rational as a result of the re-analysis of the data which he shows in his work. Finally this paper suggests that we can adopt the methods of Discourse Analysis to guarantee the rationality of the analysis of the drug users, especially with interview data.
�{�e�͔ƍ߂̎��I��ɂ��ĉȊw��E��ۏ؂��@�Ɋւ��Ę_��̂ł��.��ł͂Ƃ��,�V��{��b�N��ݍ�p�_�ɂ��ƂÂ��򕨎g�p�̎��I��ɂ��\�I�񌤋��グ,��ō̗p��ꂽ�f�[�^��W�Ɛ��̕��@��,�ǂ̂悤�Ȍ`�ŉȊw��E��ۏ؂��̂�,��邢�͂��Ȃ��̂��_��Ă��.��čŌ��,�Ȋw��E��ۏ؂��Ȃ��@�ɂ��_��邽�߂̐V��ȕ��@��Ă��Ă��E��̓I�ɂ͂܂�,��h�X�~�X�ɂ�镪�͓I�A�[�ɂ��ƂÂ��Јˑ��̌��グ,��̌��,��Ώێ҂Ƃ̉�b��C��^�r��[,��w��ɂ��ƂÂ��I�Ȍ��ł��Ƃ͂��,��㈖@��p��̂ł��邱�Ƃ��炩�ɂ��.��̂��Ƃɂ��,�Ȋw�I�Ȏ��I��̕��̈��.��,�u��[�}�[��ɂ��L�q�I�Ȗ򕨎g�p�Ҍ��グ,��̌��,��Ώێ҂ւ̃C��^�r��[��ނ�Ƃ̓��_�ɂ��ƂÂ��̂ł͂��̂�,��Ώێ҂̐��E��I�ɂ͐��ł��Ă��Ȃ��Ƃ��炩�ɂ��.��,��̖��z��邽�߂�,�f�B�X�R�[�X��͂̎�@�𓱓��邱�Ƃ��Ă��.

SATO,Kei 2003 Helping Crime Victims to Recover : A Case Study of a Family in Victimization Process Following a Family Member's Death in a Criminal Traffic Accident. No.28 pp.96-109.

Language: JPN
Keywords: crime victims / victimization process / interaction
�ƍߔ�Q�� / ��Q�҉��ߒ� / ��ݍs��
Abstract: This paper considers the problem of identity management by crime victims from the point of view of interactionism. This paper is an attempt to examine self-interaction of victims in the victimization process as a basic study of helping crime victims to recover. In order to investigate this theme thoroughly, I will make a case study of a family in the victimization process following a family member's death in a criminal traffic accident and of a self-help group organized by this family. Interviews have been carried out by the author. Crime victims regard their damage as loss experience. Victims lose the meaning of realities owing to their loss experience, and they degrade their self-worth. Victims cannot tell of their loss experience and are voided their experience. Victims degrade their self-worth further and put the responsibility on themselves. It is hard for victims to identify themselves as victims. Crime victims have these sorts of difficulties and need support such as providing information, mental care and self-help groups.
�{�e��,�ƍߔ�Q��(��Q�҉Ƒ��܂߂�)�̃A�C�f��e�B�e�B�̖��ɑ��ݍs�ט_�I�ɐڋ߂�,��Q�҂́u�񕜁v�Ƃ��̎x��Ɋւ��b�l�@�Ƃ��,��Q�҉��ߒ��̑Ύ��I��ʂɂ��Č��.��e�[�}��ǋ��邽�߂�,��ʔƍߔ�Q�҈⑰�̌o��,��̈⑰�̎�ɂ��Z��t�E�w��v�E�O��[�v�̊��Ɋւ��,�q�A��O��Ɋ�Â��ጤ��݂�.��Q�҂ɂƂ��,��Q�Ƃ͑r��̌��Ƃ��Ĕc��ꂤ�邪,��Q�҉��ߒ��̏��i�K�ł͂��΂��,�r��̌��Ȃ̌o��̂��ɒ��Ăđg�D��邱�Ƃ��W��.��̂悤��,�r��̌��ɂ�郊�A��e�B�̈Ӗ��r��ɂ��,��Q�҂ɂ̓A�C�f��e�B�e�B�̉��l�̎��ȍ~��ۂ��.��Q�҂͑r��̌��,�Ώۉ��E�ߋ��̍��ɂ��Ă��Ƃ��Č�肦��,�܂�,��͂̑��҂Ƃ̊Ԃł̃��A��e�B��̂��߂�,��Q�҂̌��̕��E,�o��̖��.��ꂪ��Q�҂̍ēx�̃A�C�f��e�B�e�B��ȍ~�⎩�ȋA�ӂ��炵,��Q�҂͔�Q�҂Ƃ��Ă̎��ȓ��̍��.����́u�񕜁v�֌��j�[�Y�ɑΉ��x��Ƃ��,��,��_�I�P�A,�Z��t�E�w��v�E�O��[�v��.

Chujo,Shinichiro 2003 Analysis of Crimes by Foreigners before World War II in Japan. No.28 pp.110-129.

Language: JPN
Keywords: crimes by foreigners / foreign worker / immigration policy
�O��l�ƍ� / �O��l�J�� / �o��Ǘ��
Abstract: The purpose of my article is to explore the situation of crimes by foreigners in Japan from an historical perspective. I use the data during the period from 1878 to 1943 compiled by the courts for analysis. I interpret some tendencies of crimes by foreigners in the consideration of the cultural and social background, and I conclude that: 1. Crimes by foreigners in that period were almost by Chinese, 2. The major kinds of crimes by foreigners in that period were not serious ones, for example, the theft or the gambling. After the Japan-China War (1894-95) and the Japan-Russia War (1904-1905), Japanese industries, especially heavy industries were growing, and many Chinese workers came to Japan. Japanese authorities enforced policies and controls on Chinese immigration and migration strictly, and consequently, many Chinese living in Japan lived in poverty and with contempt from Japanese as minorities.
�{�e��,��葾��m�푈�I��܂ł̓��{�̊O��l�ƍ߂𕪐͂��̂ł��.��O�̊O��l�ƍ߂Ɋւ��v��,�w��@��v�N��x�̑O�g�ł��w�Y��v�N��x�ɂ̂݌��邽��,��̃f�[�^�𕪐͂ɗp��.��̃f�[�^��,�O��l�ɌW��Y��ٔ��̎󗝌��,�y�ѐl��W�v��̂ł��,�x�@��v�⌟�@��v�ɔ��,��̊O��l�ƍ߂̎��̂ɔ��ɂ͌��E��邱�ƂƂȂ��.��̂悤�ȏ��̉��,�S�Ă̑��R�I�Ǐ��l��ɂ��ߎ�̌X��,�O��l�̑��R�I�Ǐ��l��ɂ��ߎ�̌X��Ƃ��r��,�O��l�ƍ߂̓��T��.��,��̔ƍߌX��O��l�J��Җ�蓙�Ɋւ��s��Q�l�Ƃ��,�f�[�^�𕪐͂�,��߂��݂�.��̌��,�u�O��l�퍐�v�ɂ��v�ߎ��,��ɂ��ĕϑJ��Ă��邱�Ƃ��.�܂�,��O��ʂ��O��l�ƍ߂̓��Ƃ��Ă�,(1)��l�ɂ��ƍ߂��S�ł��,(2)�ޓ��q��Ȃ�,��r�I�y��Ȕƍ߂��S�ł��ƂȂǂ��ꂽ.�Ȃ�,��O�̓��{�ɂ�,��N��o�g�҂��ݗ��Ă��,�u�O��l�v�ł͂Ȃ��,�ƍ߂̏󋵂𕪐͂��邱�Ƃ͂ł��Ȃ��.

Herber,Erik D. 2003 Motive and the Identity of the Legal Subject. No.28 pp.132-140.

Language: ENG
Keywords: Motive / Legal Subject / Free Will
��@ / �@�� / ��R�ӎv
Abstract: This article examines the implications of Blum and McHugh's theoretical perspective on motive when thinking about the "identity" of the legal subject (the type of person being judged as a potential criminal), which up until now has been treated as a theoretical preconception. According to Blum and McHugh, the ascription of motive has the effect of formulating a type of person. When it does, categorizing this person as such implies a limitation of this person's free will, as a person's actions are understood in terms of, and resulting from the type of person s/he is. This article shows, however, that the ascription of motive does not necessarily have the effect of formulating a type of person. It argues that the way in which the ascription of motive will formulate the legal subject as a kind of person will depend on the specifics of the case. It will depend on, e.g., whether the offense was a first offense, the presence of special circumstances, and the penal ideals adhered to by those assessing these matters, such as public prosecutors and judges. Accordingly, the "identity" of the legal subject cannot be theoretically (abstractly) preconceived. It rather comes about in accordance with interpretations of the specifics of the case. And as such it is (re-) constructed with every case -as a person of free will at times, and a more determined, possibly pathological subject at others.
�{�_��,�@��(�Y��ٔ��Ŕ퍐�l�Ƃ��čق��󂯂Ă��)�́u�A�C�f��e�B�e�B�v�ɂ��čl��ɓ��,Blum��McHugh�̓��@�Ɋւ��闝�_�I�Ȍ��Ƃ��ᖡ��.Blum��McHugh�ɂ��,�s�׎҂ւ̓��@�̕t�^��,�s�׎҂��l��ތ^�Ƃ��ăJ�e�S��[��ʂ��.�܂�,��@�̕t�^�ɂ��s�׎҂̃J�e�S��[��ɂ��,��̎҂̍s�ׂ͐l��ތ^�ɊҌ��Đ��,�܂�,��̐l��ތ^�̌��ʂƂ��ė��邱�ƂƂȂ�̂�,�s�׎҂̃J�e�S��[��͂��̎҂̎��R�ӎv�𐧌��邱�ƂƂȂ�.��Ȃ��,��̘_��,�s�׎҂ɓ��@��t�^��v��Z�X��,Blum��McHugh��咣��ق�,��l�ł��킯�ł͂Ȃ��Ƃ��.�܂�,��@�̕t�^��@��(�y�ш�ʂ̍s�׎�)��̐l��ތ^�Ƃ��Ă��ɃJ�e�S��[��邩��,�e��̓��ɍ��E��.��̓I�ɂ�,�ƍs�͏��Ƃł��邩�ǂ��,��ʂȎ��̗L��,�܂�,��̎��ᖡ��l�X��Y��Ɋւ��ĕ��O�Ȃǂ�,��@�̕t�^�ɉe��y�ڂ�.��Ė@��̂̃A�C�f��e�B�e�B��,(��炩��)�Œ肳�ꂽ��̂ł͂Ȃ�.�ނ��,�@��̂̃A�C�f��e�B�e�B��,��̓��̉��߂ɂ��-�ł��邩�炱��,��̎��ɂ��(��)�\�z��̂Ƃ��-��鎞�ɂ͎��R�ӎv��҂Ƃ��,��鎞�ɂ�,��ƌŒ艻��ꂽ(�Ƃ��ɕa��I��)��̂Ƃ��č\�z��.

Tsutomi,Hiroshi 2003 Measuring Sexual Victimization of Female College Students(Communication). No.28 pp.141-144.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Shiroshita,Yuji 2003 Mental Disorder and Treatment of Criminals(Communication). No.28 pp.145-150.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Hamai,Koichi 2004 Peace in Japan and Countermeasures against Crime : Proposal through Criminology(Rising Fear of Crime and Re-building Safe Society in Japan: Moral Panic or Evidence-Based Crime Control). No.29 pp.4-9.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Hamai,Koichi 2004 How 'the Myth of Collapsing Safe Society' Has Been Created in Japan : Beyond the Moral Panic and Victim Industry(Rising Fear of Crime and Re-building Safe Society in Japan: Moral Panic or Evidence-Based Crime Control). No.29 pp.10-26.

Language: JPN
Keywords: fear of crime / crime statistics / victim
�� / �ƍߓ��v / ��Q��
Abstract: Japan has enjoyed the reputation for being one of the most crime-free economically advanced countries. However, since the late 1990s, with constantly increasing recorded crime rate and dropping clearance rate in police statistics, it appears that the Japanese public has lost confidence in its safety and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. In the general election of 2003, the crime problem was a central issue. For, the first time since WWII, major political parties proposed various measures to control crime, such as installing more CCTV, putting more police officers on the streets, and longer sentences for offenders. A Cabinet Office survey of public attitudes also showed that the proportion of the public who thought crime was getting worse had increased from 18.8% in 1998 to 39.5% in 2004. This paper consists of two parts. In the first part, I examine crime and related statistics, to investigate whether public perceptions are based on sound evidence. I found that in terms of crime statistics, in the late 1990s, there was a series of police scandals in Japan that fundamentally changed the way the press reported policing issues. Such changes provoked key policy changes toward the reporting and recording of crime. This in turn resulted in a sudden increase in the number of crimes recorded, and a sudden decrease in the clear up rates. The moral panic, which I call here as 'the myth of a collapsing safe society', created by the press coverage of crime statistics. In the second part of the paper, I examine how the myth of a collapsing safe society has been created and maintained by analyzing the disparity between press coverage of murder and actual number of murder, and the role of victim support movements.
2003�N�Ɏ��{��ꂽ�O�c�@�c��I��ɂ��,��v��}�̂قƂ�ǂ�,�ƍ߁E��΍��d�v�ȑ��_�Ƃ��Ď��グ��Ȃ�,��{�ɂ��,��݂ق�,�ƍ߂⎡��傫�ȎЉ��ƂȂ��Ƃ͂Ȃ�.��_��̌��ʂ�҂܂ł��Ȃ�,��̍��,�^��̗]�n�̂Ȃ��Ƃ��,��{�̎��傫��Ă��ƍl��Ă��.�{�e�ł�,��u��_�b�v�ƌĂ�.�{�e�ł�,�܂��ŏ��,��{�̎��_�b�̍��ƂȂ��Ă��ƍߓ��v��؂��.��,��x�@��v�̎w�W��,�x�@�ɂ��鎖��j�̕ύX��ɂ��l�דI�Ȃ��̂ł��,�l��ԓ��v��Q�Ƃ��,�\�͂ɂ��Ď��S��郊�X�N�͔N�X��邱��,�܂�,��_�b��,�K��q�ϓI�Ȏ��Ɋ�Â��Ă��Ȃ��Ƃ��m�F��.��,��_�b�̐��ߒ��ɂ��,�}�X�R�~�ɂ�鋥��ƍ߂̉ߏ��,��ɂ��č��ꂽ��E�p�j�b�N��w�E��,��,��ߐ��ł��͂��̎��,�}�X�R�~,�ƍߔ�Q�Ҏx��^��Ǝx��(advocates),�s��E��,��Ƃ̋��Ƃ�ʂ��,�P�Ȃ�p�j�b�N�𒴂��,�Љ�̒��ɒ蒅��Ă��ߒ��𕪐͂��.

Beckett,Katherine / Sasson,Theodore 2004 Crime, Politics and the Public : The Sources of Mass Incarceration in the U.S.A.(Rising Fear of Crime and Re-building Safe Society in Japan: Moral Panic or Evidence-Based Crime Control). No.29 pp.27-50.

Language: ENG
Keywords: public opinion / politics / mass incarceration
��_ / �� / ��ʍS��
Abstract: This article evaluates alternative explanations for the new laws and practices that have made the United States the world's leader in mass imprisonment. Explanations that attribute the new punitiveness to either a worsening crime problem or an increasingly outraged and vengeful public are each found to be faulty. Instead, the authors argue, the new punitiveness reflects the success of conservative politicians in reframing a number of social problems, including crime, drugs, and poverty, as consequences of permissiveness rather than deprivation. Their efforts in this regard began in the 1960s in response to the demands of the American civil rights movement and continued in the 1980s as part of a campaign to steer state policy away from social welfare in favor of national security. In the 1990s, politicians from both major parties joined in advocating "wars" on crime and drugs. Mass imprisonment, however, has proved enormously costly and damaging to poor families and communities. In recent years, efforts to reconsider tough-on-crime laws have gained ground, and the climate is ripening for a return to policies of greater moderation.
��̘_��,�č��ʍS�ւ̕��ɂ��Đ��E�̃��[�_�[�ɉ��グ��V��Ȗ@��ɂ��,�]��Ƃ͈قȂ鎋�_��̐��݂��̂ł��.�ߎ��̌��̌��,��ƍߏ�␢�_�̓{��╜�Q�S�ɋ��߂�̂͐��Ȃ�.��ł͂Ȃ�,��҂��,��,�ƍ�,��,�n��Ƃ��Љ��ɂ��,�ێ�h�̐��Ƃ�,��̌��ʂł͂Ȃ��ʂ邢��e��ɂ��̂ł��Ɩ��𖀂�ւ��(�č\��)��Ƃɐ��Ƃ𔽉f��Ă��ɉ߂��Ȃ��Ǝ咣��Ă��̂ł��.��ێ�h�̎��݂�,1960�N��̌��^��Ɍĉ��Ďn�܂�,1980�N��ɂ�,��𕟎��玡��ɑǎ�肷��L��y�[��̈�Ƃ��đ��Ă��.��,1990�N��ɂ�,��吭�}��ɖ��E�ƍ߂Ƃ̐푈�ɎQ�킵��.��,��,��ʍS�ւ�,�n��ƒ낾��łȂ�,�n��Љ�ɂ��ߏd�ȕ��S��錋�ʂƂȂ�,�ŋ߂ł�,�͂Ŕƍ߂��Ƃ��@��Ȃ��Ƃ��w�͂��x��悤�ɂȂ�,��o��X�̎�ꂽ��͍��铮��悤�ɂȂ��Ă��.

Shimada,Takahito / Suzuki,Mamoru / Harada,Yutaka 2004 Fear of crime and perceived risk : The causes and structures(Rising Fear of Crime and Re-building Safe Society in Japan: Moral Panic or Evidence-Based Crime Control). No.29 pp.51-64.

Language: JPN
Keywords: fear of crime / perceived risk / victimization
�ƍߕs�� / ��Q��X�N�m�o / �ƍߔ�Q
Abstract: This paper examines the cognitive structure and causes of perceived risk and fear of crime among urban residents in Tokyo. The questionnaire survey of 3,120 residents was conducted in 104 neighborhoods in Oota city, Tokyo. The respondents were requested to rate separately subjective perceived risk and emotional fear of crime for 12 crime types. Incivility and direct/indirect victimization were also measured. Confirmative factor analysis supported the two-factor structure of property and personal crime, similar to one proposed in the U.S. It is notable that this cognitive structure does not match the conventional law-enforcement classification. That is, the respondents judge several property crimes such as Akisu, breaking and entering while residents are out of house, to be both personal and property crime. The authors also examine the effects of victimization, incivility and target attractiveness on perceived risk and fear of crime. Generally, incivility and direct/indirect victimization raise fear of crime, mediated by perceived risk. In addition, incivility directly causes fear of property crime as well as mediation by perceived risk. Direct victimization has more significant effects than indirect victimization. A respondent who owns more consumer durables tends to perceive more risk of property crime, whereas one with more vulnerable family members are more fearful of personal crime. Policy implications to control fear of crime are also discussed.
�{��ł�,��s��c��암��104��ڂɏZ��3,120��Ώۂɂ��Љ��f�[�^�ɍ\��f��O��K�p��,�ƍߕs��Ɣ�Q��X�N�m�o�̔F�m�\��Ƃ��̌`��v��.��ł�12�ߎ��񎦂�,�ƍ߂ɑ΂���I�Ȕ��ł��ƍߕs��,��ϓI�Ȕ��m��̌��ς�ł��Q��X�N�m�o�Ƃ��ʂ��đ��肵��.�܂�,�m�F�I��q��͂ɂ��,�ƍߕs��E��X�N�m�o�͂Ƃ��ɍ��Y�ƂƐg�̔Ƃ�2��q�\��L��,�󂫑��Ђ��Ȃǂ̍��Y�Ƃ�,��ʎs��ɂ͐g�̔ƂƂ��Ă��F�m��Ă��邱�Ƃ��ꂽ.��,��Q�o��E��,�n��̖��,�x�T�x,�Ƒ��҂̗L��ƍߕs��,�ƍ߃��X�N�m�o�ɂ��炷�e��.��`��v��͔�Q��X�N�m�o��}��ĊԐړI�ɔƍߕs��𐶋N��Ă��̂ɉ��,��ڔƍߕs��N��Ă��.�܂�,�S�~�◎��Ȃǂ̒n��̖��Y�Ɣ�Q�s��𐶋N��Ă��邱�Ƃ�,�q�ǂ��⍂��҂��Ƒ��Ɏ��񓚎҂�,�g�̔Ɣ�Q�̓`��ɂ��Ĕƍߕs��𐶋N��Ă��邱�Ƃ��炩�ɂȂ��.

Tamura,Masahiro 2004 Crime Prevention in Safe Community Policy(Rising Fear of Crime and Re-building Safe Society in Japan: Moral Panic or Evidence-Based Crime Control). No.29 pp.65-81.

Language: JPN
Keywords: safe community / policy / police
�Љ��S / �� / �x�@
Abstract: It seems that any research on crime and criminal justice in Japan has had no significant influence on policy makers. However, recently, the newly established law requires all government agencies to evaluate their own adapted policies and their performance. This change could provide researchers good opportunities to conduct evaluation research on government programs. To discuss more effective way to create a safer community, I believe that we need a new and more integrated field of research beyond traditional knowledge, which can be called Safe Community Policy. This paper will introduce a basic idea of Safe Community Policy and also address my expectation to the researchers, as one of the administrators in police service.
��_�̗��ꂩ��ƍߑ΍��l��邪,�{�i�I�Ȍ��ł��Ă��Ȃ��,�T��ɂƂǂ܂�.�Љ��S��_��,�匠�҂ł��鍑��肷��,�Q�l�ƂȂ��񋟂��邱�Ƃ�ڎw��̂ł��.�R�X�g�ƌ��ʂƂ̃o��X��߂��邪,�R�X�g�Ƃ��Ă�,��I��p,��s�g�Ώێ҂̌��R��,��ʐl�̎��R�Ȃ��v�̐��ɉ��,�s��̔ƍ߉��s��ɂ�钼�ړI��S��܂߂�K�v��.��@�ɂ��,��ق̗\��,�l�̍s��\�h�΍�ւ̎x��,�ƍߔ�Q�҂̔�Q�y��Ȃ�,�@�\�ʂɐ��,�T�ς��.��_�Ƃ��Ă�,��̂ق�,�n��̗��̒��ɂ��ƍߑ΍��g�D�݂̍��(��ƒn��c�̂Ƃ̖��z,��ɂ��g�D�̓��@),��̐��Ƃ̊Ԃł̋��E��Q��ۑ�ƂȂ�.��̃e�[�}��,��ɑ΂��҂ł��.�u��Ɋ�Â��ƍߗ\�h�v�̔��z�ɂ�錤��䂪��ł��s��邱�Ƃ��]�܂�邪,��ւ̓W�J�ɂ�,��ȊO�̎�@�ɂ��̂��܂߂�,�ʂɌ��ʂ��邱�Ƃ�T��ԓx��߂��.��ӔC,��]��߂��鍡��,��ɂ��󋵂𒲍��ɂ��Ė��炩�ɂ��邱��,��̊��o��ʂɂ��ė��t��邱�Ƃ̈Ӌ`��d�v�ɂȂ��Ă��.��,��I�Ȍ��̂��߂̑̐��߂��.��ǎ҂Ɖ��l�ς��L��錤��҂Ƃ̊Ԃ�,��ݓI�ȑΘb��i�߂��邱�Ƃ��҂��.

Sherman,Lawrence W. 2004 Evidence-Based Crime Prevention : A Global View from the U.S. to Japan(Rising Fear of Crime and Re-building Safe Society in Japan: Moral Panic or Evidence-Based Crime Control). No.29 pp.82-93.

Language: ENG
Keywords: evidence / experiments / crime prevention
�G�r�f��X / �� / �ƍߗ\�h
Abstract: How can democracies prevent crime without causing crime? How can they avoid wasting money on programs that sound good but have no effect? How can they make decisions based on rational analysis, rather than on emotional impulses? These problems afflict all democracies, regardless of culture or history. They may also have a common solution in evidence-based government. This article reviews the concept of evidence-based government and its DRIVER model, as well as the standards of evidence for different kinds of questions about crime prevention. Using these standards, it suggests that while randomized controlled trials are needed for only a small portion of the evidence in crime prevention, RCTs in each country are indispensable in order to keep programs from causing more crime than they prevent. The leadership of advanced nations is needed to move RCTs forward to a more rational framework for crime prevention policy.
��吭��ɂ��,�V��Ȕƍ߂̌��炸�ɔƍ߂�h�~��ɂ͂ǂ��悢�̂ł��낤��.��ɐS�n�悢��,��ʂ̂Ȃ��v��O��ɗ\�Z��Q��Ȃ��߂ɂ͂ǂ��悢�̂ł��낤��.��,��ł͂Ȃ�,��Ɋ�Â��f��ɂ͂ǂ��悢�̂ł��낤��.��,��j�ɂ��炸,�ǂ̂悤�Ȗ��̐��Y�܂��ł��.��ɂ��,�G�r�f��X�Ɋ�Â��{�ɂ��Ă͋��ʂ̉��􂪂��邩��Ȃ�.��̘_��,�G�r�f��X�Ɋ�Â��{�Ƃ��l��y�т��H��邽�߂�DIRVER��f��ߒ��Ɠ��,�ƍߖh�~�Ɋւ��l�X�ȋ^��ɑ΂��G�r�f��X�̊�ɂ��Ă��l�@��.��l�@�Ɋ�Â��,�ƍߖh�~�̃G�r�f��X�ɂ��,��ד��(RCT)��K�v�Ƃ��镔��͂��قǑ��Ȃ��Ȃ��,�V��Ȕƍ߂𐶂ݏo��ƂȂ�,�ƍ߂�h�~��邽�߂ɂ�,��ꂼ��̍��ɂ��RCT��s��ł��.�ƍߖh�~��藝��I�Șg�g�݂ōl��邽�߂ɂ�,��i��̎w��҂�,RCT�𐄐i��Ă��Ƃ��K�v�ł��.

Nambu,Saori 2004 Child Abuse as a Medical 'Syndrome': Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy : The Significance of Medical 'Syndrome' Evidences in Criminal Fact Finding. No.29 pp.96-111.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Munchausen syndrome by proxy / child abuse / syndrome
�㗝�l�ɂ��~��q�n�E�[��ǌ�Q / ��s�� / ��w�I�ǌ�Q
Abstract: From flooded literature Meadow considered it has been used most as the criteria of MSBP: (1)Illness in a child which is fabricated by a parent, or someone who is in loco parentis. (2)The child is presented for medical assessment and care, usually persistently, often resulting in multiple medical procedures. (3)The perpetrator denies the aetiology of the child's illness. (4) Acute symptoms and signs of illness cease when the child is separated from the perpetrator (Meadow 1995). As meadow himself admitting, those criteria is lack of specificity and they has led to confusion for the medical, social work, and legal professions. This paper discusses the characteristics and significance of the concept of MSBP as a medical syndrome, and traces the influence it has on finding factual evidence. As the result of those discussions, the authors found that MSBP concept is useful to have in the clinical aspect where practitioners discovered hidden child abuse. In the aspect of criminal fact findings, fact finder may make reference to MSBP evidences not as dispositive fact but one of the indirect evidences. In the nature as medical syndromes about child abuse, the evidence of medical witness about MSBP is inadmissible when it inescapably bears solely on proving that a crime occurred.
�u�㗝�l�ɂ��~��q�n�E�[��ǌ�Q�v(MSBP)��,�u(1)�e��邢�͐e��̐l��ɂ��ċU��ꂽ��̎��,(2)��̎��͈�w�I��⎡�Âɍ��o��,��͒ʏ�,�₦�ԂȂ�,��΂��Ε��I�Ȉ�Î葱��炵�Ă��,(3)��̉��Q�҂͎��q�ǂ��̕a�C�̌��ł��邱�Ƃ�۔F��,(4)�q�ǂ��Q�҂��番��,�}��Ǐ��a�C�̃T�C��͏��v��4�̊�𖞂��p��Ƃ��čL��ʓI�ɗp��Ă��w�I�T�O�ł��(Meadow 1995).��,�񏥎҂ł��郁�[�h�D��g��F�߂�悤��,��̊�͓��ِ��Ɍ��,��t��\�[�V��E��[�J�[,�i�@�֌W�҂��ɍ��𐶂ݏo��.�{�e��,��w�I�u�ǌ�Q�v�Ƃ��Ă�MSBP�T�O�̓��ƈӋ`,��؋��F��ɗ^��e��l�@��,MSBP�̊T�O��Ȃ�Ӌ`��ׂ��𖾂炩�ɂ��.MSBP�T�O��,��ȋs�҂𔭌��邽�߂̃c�[��Ƃ��ėp��邱�Ƃɍő�̈Ӌ`��.�Y��F��ɂ��MSBP�؋��,�s��Ɍ��錻�ۂɑ΂��w�I�A�v��[�`�Ƃ��ĎQ�Ɖ\�ł��邪,��͂��܂ł��u�ǌ�Q�v�؋��ɂ��,��̐��,�ƍߎ��̔F��ɍۂ��Ắu��I�؋��v�Ƃ͂Ȃ����̂ł��.

Yamauchi,Yuji 2004 A Study of School Functions as a Factor of Controlling Deviant Behaviors : A Reformation of Social Bond Theory. No.29 pp.114-127.

Language: JPN
Keywords: social bond / sensitivity / norm awareness
�Љ�I�J / �� / �K�͈ӎ�
Abstract: This paper endeavors to explain how the social bond with school can control deviant behavior. Positing that a "social bond can enhance sensitivity and norm awareness, resulting in controlling deviant behavior", the role of school in controlling deviant behaviors was researched by giving a questionnaire to 385 high school girls in February, 2002. The results of this survey can be summarized in the following five findings 1. The preposition that a social bond can enhance sensitivity and norm awareness, resulting in controlling control deviant behaviors is not negated. However the converse relationship of sensitivity and norm awareness to building a social bond is also not negated. 2. The preposition that through the bond with negative friends who commit deviant behavior, deviant norm is adopted, resulting in worsening deviant is not negated. However the converse relationship of deviant norm awareness to creating a bond with negative friends is also not negated. 3. The effect of a bond with instructors on controlling deviant behavior is enormous; representing the strongest controlling effect among all school-related factors affecting the behavioral attitude of students. 4. The effect of a bond with friends on controlling deviant behavior cannot be observed from the available data. 5. The preposition that commitment to school activities, primarily such as learning, can enhance sensitivity as well as norm awareness of concerns that degrade school, turns out to control deviant behaviors is not negated. However, the converse relationship of sensitivity and norm awareness building commitment to school activities is also not negated.
��̘_��,�w�Z�Ƃ̎Љ�I�J��ǂ̂悤�ɂ��Ė��s��}��邩�ɂ��Ă̐��݂��̂ł��.�u�Љ�I�J��,��󐫂ƋK�͈ӎ��コ��,��̌��ʖ��s��}��v�Ƃ��𗧂�,2002�N2��Ɏ��{��Z��q385��ɑ΂��鎿�⎆��̃f�[�^�ɂ��,�w�Z�̖��s��}��@�\��ώ@��.��ꂽ�m��͈ȉ��5�_�ɂ܂Ƃ߂邱�Ƃ��ł��.1 �Љ�I�J�̖��s��}��@�\��,�J��󐫂ƋK�͈ӎ��߂邱�Ƃɂ��Ƃ��͔ے肳��Ȃ�.��,��󐫂ƋK�͈ӎ��J��Ƃ��t�̊֌W��ے肳��Ȃ�. 2 ��s��F�l�Ƃ��J�ɂ��E�I�ȋK�͂̎��ꂪ�N��,��̌��ʖ��s��i��Ƃ��͔ے肳��Ȃ�.��,��E�I�ȋK�͂��s��F�l�Ƃ��J��Ƃ��t�̊֌W��ے肳��Ȃ�. 3 ��t�Ƃ��J�̖��s��}��ʂ͋��,�w�Z�Ɋւ��v��̒��ōł��}��ʂ𐶂ݏo��Ă��. 4 �F�l�Ƃ��J�̖��s��}��@�\�̓f�[�^��ł͊ώ@�ł��Ȃ�. 5 �w�K�𒆐S�Ƃ��w�Z��ւ̃R�~�b�g��g��,�u�w�Z�̐M�p��Ăւ̔z��v�Ƃ��󐫋y�ыK�͈ӎ��ꂼ�ꍂ��,��̌��ʖ��s��}��Ƃ��͔ے肳��Ȃ�.��,��󐫂ƋK�͈ӎ��w�Z��ւ̃R�~�b�g��g��Ƃ��t�̊֌W��ے肳��Ȃ�.

Kobayashi,Juichi 2004 Development in Therapeutic Jurisprudence and its Application in Criminal Justice(Research Trend). No.29 pp.128-132.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Akaike,Kazumasa 2004 Trends of French Criminology on Prison(Research Trend). No.29 pp.133-138.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Miyazawa,Setsuo 2005 Composition and Background of the Symposium(Reexamination of Policy-Making Processes in Recent Legislations and Policies on Criminal Justice: Based on the Idea of Evidence-Based Policy). No.30 pp.4-6.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Shiroshita,Yuji 2005 Raising the Statutory Penalty Limits and Legislative Policy(Reexamination of Policy-Making Processes in Recent Legislations and Policies on Criminal Justice: Based on the Idea of Evidence-Based Policy). No.30 pp.7-19.

Language: JPN
Keywords: statutory penalty / sentencing / crime prevention
�@��Y / �ʌY / �ƍߗ\�h
Abstract: On December 1,2004, the House of Councilors enacted a law amending the Penal Code of Japan and other related acts. This was the first major amendment of the Penal Code since its enactment in 1907. The main point of the amendments was to raise the statutory penalty limits (i.e., the maximum or minimum sentence set forth in the penal rules for each crime) in response to legislative policy aimed at preventing crime. According to the Ministry of Justice, the amendments result from three primary factors recognized by the legislative branch: (1) a changing sense of justice; (2) an increasing crime rate; and (3) the severity of sentencing. These factors are all based on statistical evidence. In this paper, the author examines the record of the Legislative Council of the Ministry of Justice to determine whether these three primary legislative factors are based on sound empirical evidence. The conditions of raising the statutory penalty limits are also discussed from a viewpoint of evidence-based policy.
2004�N9��Ɂu��E�d��ƍ߂ɑΏ��邽�߂̌Y��@�̐��Ɋւ��v�j(��q)�v��@��b�ɓ��\��,��N12��Ɂu�Y�@��̈ꕔ��@��v�Ƃ��ĉ��E��,2005�N1��{�s��ꂽ.�{��̓��e�͑��ɂ킽�邪,�ł��ڂ��ꂽ�̂͌Y�@�T�ɂ��鋥��E�d��ƍ߂�(��1��I�Ԃ��)�@��Y��グ�ł��.��̉��́u��񕜂̂��߂̊�Ր��v�̎{��̈�ł��,�@��R�c��ɂ��R�c�󋵂��T�ς��,�@��Y��グ��K�v�Ƃ��闧�@��Ƃ��Ă�,(a)��̐��`�ϔO(�K�͈ӎ�)�̕ω�,(b)�ƍߔF�m��̑��,(c)�ȌY�󋵂̌��i��3�v��,��͊e��̓��v��ɂ��č��Â��Ƃ��Ƃ��ǂ��Ă��.�{�e��,�R�c��c��^��єz�z��̓��e�𕪐͂��邱�Ƃɂ��,��ǂ��w�E��悤�ȗ��@��Â��͍̂��ł��邱��,�܂�,��ɂ��݂��Ƃ��Ă�,�@��Y��グ�Ƃ��@��􂪒��ɐ��̂ł͂Ȃ��Ƃ𖾂炩�ɂ��.��,�킪��̌Y��@��ߒ��,EBP(�G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�|��V�[)�̔��z��w�Ԃׂ��_�͉��.

Ayukawa,Jun 2005 The Revisions of Juvenile Law and Evidence-Based-Policy(Reexamination of Policy-Making Processes in Recent Legislations and Policies on Criminal Justice: Based on the Idea of Evidence-Based Policy). No.30 pp.20-32.

Language: JPN
Keywords: the revision of the juvenile law / evidence-based-policy/evidence-based-practice / the Diet
��N�@�� / �G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�|��V�[/�G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�v��N�e�B�X / ��
Abstract: This article will expound upon the discussions and the processes that took place in the deliberations that lead to the revision of the juvenile law in Japan in the year 2000 from the viewpoint of evidence-based-policies and/or evidence-based-practices. In Japan, most laws have been passed by the Diet through proposals that were submitted by the cabinet. This process now seems to be in a state of change. The revision of the juvenile law in 2000 was the first major law to be revised through the proposals and discussions by the members of the Diet. Generally, when a law is proposed by the cabinet to the Diet, the proposal needs to be examined, prior to submission to the Diet, at the Council on Law within the Ministry of Justice, where specialists, such as professors of law, representatives from the prosecutor's office, representatives from the Supreme Court, and representatives from the Japan Bar Association, participate in feasibility discussions on the merits and the demerits of the proposal from their respective areas of specialty. This paper will examine how the discourse on the revision of the juvenile law in 2000 was constructed at the Diet by studying what nature of juvenile crimes was recognized, and how the revision of the juvenile law was determined to prevent the brutalization of juvenile crime with reference to the evidence. This examination will show that there were very few discussions referring to the relevance of evidence. In 2005, the latest revision to the juvenile law was proposed by the cabinet to the Diet. When I examined how one of the three main points to revise the juvenile law was supported by evidence, and how this point was discussed at the Council on Law within the Ministry of Justice, I could find little evidence that supported that particular point for the proposed revision. Both methods of revising the juvenile law suffer from deficiencies when viewed from the perspective of evidence-based-policies and/or evidence-based-practices.
2000�N,��ŋc��@�ɂ��ĉ��N�@��.�{�e�͂��̏��N�@��ɂ��,��Ȃ鍪��Ɋ�Â��Ăǂ̂悤�Ȑ��ʂ��ĉ��ɂ��̂�,�G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�|��V�[(�G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�v��N�e�B�X)�Ƃ̊֘A��l�@��.��,��̕ω��Ɋւ�,�u�ڑ��v��グ,�G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�|��V�[�𐶂��钲��̒񌾂��s��.�Ō��,2005�N�ɍ��֒�o��ꂽ��N�@��Ăɂ��,�ǂ̂悤�ȃG�r�f��X�Ɏx��Ă��̂��ɂ��ďœ_��i��̂ł��.

Shikata,Ko 2005 Evidence Based Policy in Planning Community Safety Policy(Reexamination of Policy-Making Processes in Recent Legislations and Policies on Criminal Justice: Based on the Idea of Evidence-Based Policy). No.30 pp.33-47.

Language: JPN
Keywords: evidence based policy / community safety policy / policing
�G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�|��V�[ / �Љ��S�� / �x�@��
Abstract: This paper is about the significance of Evidence Based Policy (EBP) and some problems for further consideration from the viewpoint of the theory of "Community Safety Policy." It can be said that the current success of EBP in the United States means "the victory of collaboration between practitioners' wisdom and science" rather than "the victory of science over practice." Advocates of EBP among practitioners and criminologists share the goal to reject theories not based on real life. Because of some problems which need further consideration, it is unclear as to whether EBP takes the full place of the current policy-making method in the Japanese police organizations. However, under preferable circumstances, EBP must be a reliable measure to verify the effectiveness of policies planned by practitioners. The trial-and-error approach which can be seen in the EBP implemented in the United States should be introduced to the Japanese Police in order to improve its policies.
�{�e��,�Љ��S��_�̊ϓ_��猩��G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�|��V�[(EBP)�̈Ӌ`�ƌ��E�Ɋւ��鎄��W�J��̂ł��.�M�҂�,�ߔN�ɂ��č��ł�EBP�̐��,�u��̒m�b�ɑ΂��Ȋw�̏��v�ł͂Ȃ�,�u��̒m�b�ƉȊw�Ƃ̘A�g�̏��v�ł��ƍl��.�č��̎��ƂƔƍߊw�҂�,�u��̋�_�v��ނ��悤�Ƃ��_�ɂ��ĖړI��L��Ă��.EBP�ɂ͏��Ȃ��ʖ��_��邱�Ƃ��,��ݓ��{�ōs��Ă��錻��̒m�b�Ɋ�Â��􌈒�̎�@�Ɋ��S�Ɏ��đ��ׂ��̂Ƃ܂ł͌��Ȃ��,��̒m�b�ɂ��炭��E�͂��̂ł��,��̒m�b�ƉȊw�I��@�̍D�܂��⊮�֌W��1�Ƃ��,��̏ꍇ�ɂ�EBP��̒m�b��؂��邽�߂̗L��Ȏ�@�ƂȂ�̂ł͂Ȃ��,�č��EBP�Ɍ��g��C�A��E�A��h�E�G��[�ɂ��̉��v�E��P�̍l��͌��K��ׂ��ł͂Ȃ��,�Ƃ��̂��{�e�̎咣�ł��.

Imahuku,Shoji 2005 The Role of Evidence in Policy-Making(Reexamination of Policy-Making Processes in Recent Legislations and Policies on Criminal Justice: Based on the Idea of Evidence-Based Policy). No.30 pp.48-55.

Language: JPN
Keywords: rehabilitation aid hostels / evidence based policy / treatment
�X��ی�{�� / �G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�|��V�[ / ��
Abstract: This article analyzes "The Basic Plan for Enhancing the Treatment Function of Rehabilitation Aid Hostels-Total Plan for New Rehabilitation Aid Hostels in the 21^ Century," which was enacted in January 2000, from the point of view of evidence-based policy. The Total Plan was developed mainly on the basis of consensus built between the policy-makers and practitioners, rather than evidence in a strict sense. However, it can be argued that the Total Plan was developed on a rational basis, which is the principle point of evidence-based policy. Furthermore, this article raises a number of issues that introduce the idea of evidence-based policy so it can take a firm hold on policy-making.
��12�N1��,�X��ی�{�݂̏��@�\�̏[��ڎw��,�u�X��ی�{�݂̏��@�\�̏[��̂��߂̊�{�v��`21��I�̐V��X��ی�{�݂�ڎw��g�[�^��v��v�Ƃ��􂪎��{��n�߂�.��̃g�[�^��v��Ƃ��̌`��ߒ��G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�|��V�[(EBP)�̊ϓ_��番�͂��,�G�r�f��X�Ƃ��Ď҂��Ƃ̊Ԃ̃R��Z��T�X��瓱��ꂽ��Ƃ͔ۂ߂Ȃ�.��,�\�Ȍ��荇��I�ȍ��Ɉˋ��Đ��肷��Ƃ��G�r�f��X�E�x�C�X�g�E�|��V�[�̎�|�͏\��f��Ă��̂Ǝv��.�܂�,��̂悤�ȕ��͂𓥂܂��,��,EBP�̓��E�蒅��Ɍ��ۑ�ɂ��Ďw�E��.

Petrosino,Anthony 2005 The Use of Randomized Field Trials in the U. S. to Evaluate Justice Programs : A Briefing(Reexamination of Policy-Making Processes in Recent Legislations and Policies on Criminal Justice: Based on the Idea of Evidence-Based Policy). No.30 pp.56-71.

Language: ENG
Keywords: experimental design / random assignment / program evaluation
��f�U�C�� / ��׊��t�� / �v��O��]��
Abstract: This article overviews the use of randomized experiments in criminal justice and criminology. The paper presents the rationale for doing experiments, emphasizing its ability to rule out causal explanations for observed findings. After presenting a brief history of justice trials, the paper concludes with a discussion of limitations of the method.
��̘_��,�Y��i�@�y�єƍߊw�ɂ��閳��ד��̗��p�ɂ��ĊT�ς��̂ł��.��̘_��ł�,��p��闝�R�Ƃ��,�ϑ��ꂽ��ʂɊւ��ʓI��r��ł��邱�Ƃ��d��.�i�@�Ɋւ��̗��j�ɂ��Đ��,��̎�@�̌��E�ɂ��Ă̌��s��.

Petrosino,Anthony 2005 D.A.R.E. and Scientific Evidence : A 20 Year History(Reexamination of Policy-Making Processes in Recent Legislations and Policies on Criminal Justice: Based on the Idea of Evidence-Based Policy). No.30 pp.72-88.

Language: ENG
Keywords: school-based drug prevention / research utilization / evidence-based policy
�w�Z�ɂ��򕨗��p�h�~ / ��̊��p / �G�r�f��X�Ɋ�Â��
Abstract: This paper presents a brisk history of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program, America's most popular school-based drug prevention strategy. After a brief description of the program, the paper outlines the history of D.A.R.E. from its beginnings in 1983 to the 21^ Century, with particular attention paid to research evidence relevant to D.A.R.E. The paper highlights the mid- to late-1990s, a period that saw D.A.R.E. remain resilient and even expand in light of negative research findings. Drawing on results from a study of D.A.R.E. and the uses of evaluation findings, the author offers five common themes to explain this irony. By the late 1990s, however, D.A.R.E. was seemingly in decline. Research-particularly in the form of large government reviews and best practice lists-played an influential role, and ultimately led to a meeting between D.A.R.E. leadership and evaluators to ascertain how the program could be improved. A new D.A.R.E. curriculum targeting a more age-appropriate group of students was introduced and is now being evaluated in a randomized experiment in the U.S. that includes over 100 schools.
��̘_��,�A��J�ɂ��,�w�Z��ՂƂ��򕨖h�~�΍�̂��,��Ƃ��l�C��,�򕨗��p��R��(D.A.R.E.)�v��O��̗��j�ɂ��ďq�ׂ��̂ł��.�v��O��̊T�v�ɂ��Đ��,D.A.R.E.�Ɋւ��G�r�f��X�ɒ��ڂ��,1983�N�ȍ~21��I�Ɏ��,D.A.R.E�̗��j��U��Ԃ�.�܂�,�ے�I�Ȍ��ʂ��o�Ă��ɂ��炸,D.A.R.E.�̐��ނ��g�債��1990�N�㔼�΂��㔼�ɒ��ڂ�,��̖��5�̗��R��o��.��,1990�N��㔼�ɂ�,��(�Ƃ�킯,��{�ɂ��K�͂ȃ��r��[��őP�̎��k�x�X�g�E�v��N�e�B�X�l�̃��X�g)��傫�ȉe��^��,D.A,R.E.�̐��͐��n�߂�.D.A.R.E.�̎w��҂ƕ]��҂��v��O��ǂ̂悤�ɉ��P��悢��邽�߂̉��,��݂�,��K�؂ȔN��w��^�[�Q�b�g�Ƃ��,�V��D.A.R.E.�̃J��L��,�S��100�Z�𒴂��w�Z�ɂ��閳��ד��ɂ��ĕ]��i�߂��Ă��.

Tsutomi,Hiroshi 2005 Discussant : What Evidence-Based Policy Can Do(Reexamination of Policy-Making Processes in Recent Legislations and Policies on Criminal Justice: Based on the Idea of Evidence-Based Policy). No.30 pp.89-93.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Sakai,Yasuyuki 2005 Discussant : Significance and Problems of EBP : From the Standpoint of Jurisprudence(Reexamination of Policy-Making Processes in Recent Legislations and Policies on Criminal Justice: Based on the Idea of Evidence-Based Policy). No.30 pp.94-99.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Okabe,Takeshi / Kobayashi,Juichi 2005 Violent Juvenile Crime in Japan. No.30 pp.102-118.

Language: JPN
Keywords: violent juvenile crime / first-time offenders / family backgrounds
�e�\�I��s / �u��Ȃ�^�v / ��ʉ�
Abstract: There are some widely held myths about violent juvenile crime in Japan. For instance, it is said that violent crimes committed by juveniles who do not have a past record of crime are increasing. It is also said that serious juvenile offenders with no problems in their family backgrounds, or their own social adjustment, are on the increase these days. Some researchers express the opinion that violent crime is more prevalent among ordinary boys and girls. However, most of these remarks have no factual basis. This paper examines whether the myths are true based on crime statistics and questionnaire survey data. The sample of this survey consists of 728 delinquents who were arrested by the police on a violent crime charge. The findings are as follows: 1. The proportion of first-time offenders to all delinquents who committed violent crimes is not going up. 2. The degree of criminality of repeat violent offenders is higher than that of first-time offenders even now. 3. There is a close connection between violent crime and the family backgrounds of delinquents and their own social adjustment even now.
�ߋ�4��I�̔ƍߓ��v��,��ƁE�d�\�Ƃŕ⓱��ꂽ��N�y�т��̒S��x�@�E��ɑ΂��鎿�⎆��ɂ�蓾��f�[�^(n=728)��p��,�킪��ɂ��ߔN�̋��E�e�\�Ȕ�s�ɂ��,�u��Ȃ�^�v�E�u��ʂ̎q�v�Ƃ��T�O�̑Ó��𒆐S�Ɍ��.��͂̌��,��Ƃ��Ĉȉ��̓_��o��ꂽ.(1)�e�\�I�Ȕ�s�ł̌��l��ɐ�߂鏉�Ǝ҂̊��,�ߔN��Ă��Ƃ͂��Ȃ�.(2)��s�L��A��d�˂��҂ق�,��s�̈��͍��X��.(3)�ƒ��Љ�I�K��̏󋵂Ƒe�\�I��s�Ƃ̊֌W��,�ߔN�ɂȂ��Ď�܂��Ă��Ƃ͂��Ȃ�.�ȏ��,��Ȃ��Ƃ��_�ɂ��Ă�,��̑e�\�I��s�̓��,�u��Ȃ�^�v��u��ʂ̎q�v�Ƃ��T�O��p��Đ��邱�Ƃ�,�K�؂ł͂Ȃ��ƍl��.

Hirai,Hideyuki 2005 Re-considering Criminalization and Medicalization of Methamphetamine Use : Focusing on Social Interventions at "Interaction Level". No.30 pp.119-137.

Language: JPN
Keywords: methamphetamine use / criminalization and medicalization / levels and degrees
�o��܎g�p / �ƍ߉��ƈ�É� / ��x��Ɠx��
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to re-examine the problem of, and social intervention with respect to, the use of methamphetamine (a crystalline hydrochloride stimulant), which is called "Philopon" in Japan (1940-1950s), focusing on "Levels" and "Degrees" of criminalization and medicalization of Philopon use. Many researchers claim that Philopon use was criminalized and medicalized at that time. First, the author reviews some studies about criminalization and medicalization of Philopon use, and then re-articulates and reconstructs those categories. Second, the author examines how Philopon users were corrected in prison and how Philopon toxicity was treated in doctor-patient relationships. Finally, the author presents an understanding of the criminalization and medicalization of Philopon use. The author concludes that Philopon use was, on the one hand, criminalized and medicalized in conception and institution level in high degree, but it was, on the other hand, criminalized and medicalized in interaction level in low degree.
��㏉��́u�q��|��Ёv�ƌĂ΂ꂽ��(1940�N��㔼�`1950�N�㔼��)�ɂ��,�o��܎g�p�́u��艻�v�ߒ��,��ɑ΂��Љ�I��̂��ɂ��,��_�I�ȍl�@��s��Ƃ��{�_��̖ړI�ł��.�]��̎Љ�w�E�ƍߎЉ�w�֘A�̈�ɂ��,��L�̃e�[�}��,�o��܎g�p�́u�ƍ߉��v�Ɓu��É��v��s�I�ɐi�s��邱�Ƃ��܈ӂ��,�u�ƍ߉��v/�u��É��v�e�[�[�Ƃ��Đ��Ă��.�{�_��ł�,��Љ�w�I�J�e�S��Ƃ��Ắu�ƍ߉��v�u��É��v�Ɋւ��c�_�ɓ��ݓI�ɗ��߂�,��ł̌��ʂ��āu�ƍ߉��v�u��É��v�J�e�S��č\��Ē񎦂��.��̌�,��瓾��ꂽ�g�g�݂�p��,��̎��̊o��܎g�p�́u�ƍ߉��v�u��É��v�̕��͂�,��Ɂu��ݍ�p��x��v�Ɓu��v�u��_��w�I��Áv�ɒ��ڂ��Ȃ��s��.��ɂ��,�]��u�T�O�E��x��x��v�ɂ��Ę_��Ă��u�ƍ߉��v/�u��É��v�e�[�[��,�u��ݍ�p��x��v�ɂ��Č��ꍇ,�K��,��u�x��v�Łu�ƍ߉��v��сu��É��v��i�s��Ƃ͂��Ȃ��Ƃ𖾂炩�ɂ��.

Yamamoto,Isao 2005 Does a Part-Time Job Act as a Social Bond to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency?. No.30 pp.138-150.

Language: JPN
Keywords: part-time job / social bond theory / juvenile delinquency
�A��o�C�g / �{��h��_ / ��N��s
Abstract: This paper seeks to determine whether part-time jobs held by high school students can serve to prevent juvenile delinquency in the form of "involvement," one of the social bonds observed by Hirschi. Two statistical analyses using empirical data were conducted. The first statistical analysis compared 1,509 general high school students with 439 high school students who had police records. The author did a cross-tabulation and logistic regression analysis. The students' hope of progressing to a higher grade, club activities, and a part-time job were all used as independent variables. The second statistical analysis used self-reporting of juvenile delinquency in the general high school student population as a dependent variable in a similar analysis to the first one. Both statistical analyses (the one for students with a police record, and for those self-reporting delinquency) led to similar conclusions. A part-time job held by a high school student was not a factor preventing delinquency. On the contrary, high school students who work part-time, even when controlling for the hope of progressing to a higher grade and club activities, have a high probability of engaging in delinquent behavior. The author considered three logical possibilities to explain the results. The first possibility is that a part-time job is a risk factor of delinquency. The second possibility is that some characteristic of the juvenile delinquent leads him or her to take a part-time job. The third possibility is that the characteristics of parents who allow juveniles to work part-time can be interpreted to be the source of both.
�{�e��,��Z��̃A��o�C�g��n�[�V�̂��Љ�I�J��1�́u��݁v�Ƃ��,��s��}�~��̂��؂��邱�Ƃ�ړI�Ƃ��.��̂��߂�,2�̕��͂��s��.��1�̕��͂Ƃ��,�x�@�Ɍ��ꂽ��Z��439�l�ƈ�ʍ��Z��1,509�l��Ώۂ�,��҂̕ʂ��]��ϐ��Ƃ�,�i�w��],��,�A��o�C�g��Ɨ��ϐ��Ƃ��N��X�W�v,�Ȃ�тɂ��𓊓��W�X�e�B�b�N��A��͂��s��.��2�̕��͂Ƃ��,��ʍ��Z��ɂ��鎩�Ȑ\��s�̗L��]��ϐ��Ƃ�,��l�̕��͂��s��.�x�@�̌��Ƃ��I�L�^��p��͌��ʂ�,��Ȑ\��s��p��͌��ʂ��l�̌��_�𓱂��.��Z��̃A��o�C�g�͔�s�̗}�~�v��ɂ͂Ȃ��Ă��炸,��ǂ��납�A��o�C�g��Ă��鍂�Z��,�i�w��]�ƕ��Ƃ��v��𓝐��Ă�,��s��s��m��Ƃ��Ƃ��炩�ɂȂ��.��̌��ʂ��3�̘_��I�ȉ\��l�@��.

Harada,Yutaka 2005 Recent Trends in Geographic Crime Analysis(Research Trend). No.30 pp.151-155.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Oyama,Shigeru 2005 Uses of HLM and IRT in Criminology(Research Trend). No.30 pp.156-161.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Ito,Koichiro 2006 Introduction : Criminological Studies of the Risk Society(Symposium,Risk Society and Crime). No.31 pp.4-6.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Adachi,Koji 2006 Regulations for Safe and Secure Community : A Study on the Sense of Words 'Risk' and 'Watching'(Symposium,Risk Society and Crime). No.31 pp.7-21.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Regulations for Safe and Secure Community / voluntariness / watching
��S�� / ��̐� / �Ď�
Abstract: 'Regulations for Safe and Secure Community' have been established in many prefectures and municipalities, and government promotes the establishment of this type of regulations in other prefectures and municipalities. 'Regulations for Safe and Secure Community' can be categorized into following three types by their contents: (1) the regulations which provide the efforts toward safe and secure community; (2) the regulations which provide the positive participation of administrative organ and police in designing schools, roads, parks, apartment houses and so on from the viewpoint of crime prevention, and punishment for the offense at the previous stage of violence or burglary crime; (3) the regulations which provide efforts toward safe and clean community. These regulations are established in order to promote positive participation of residents and recover the crime preventive function of community. The regulations would not work, if they were not based on the real needs of residents, and not established and executed through the democratic process where they participate voluntarily. Furthermore, residents' voluntary activity for crime prevention based on 'Regulations for Safe and Secure Community' includes a risk that those who watch others are in fact watching themselves, too from the viewpoint of power. The risk is omnipresent and very difficult to notice, and thus particular to 'Risk-Society'.
�u��S��v��,��݂ł�,��̓s��{��Ȃ��͎s��Ő��肳��Ă��,�܂�,��̎�̏�ᐧ��̑��i��,��{�̐��ł��.�u��S��v�͓��e�ʂ��玟�̂悤�ɕ��ނł��.��Ȃ킿,(1)�n��̐��S��̗��O��񎦂��,(2)�w�Z,��H,��,�W��Z��̐݌v�ɂ��Ėh�Ƃ̊ϓ_�ɂ��s��x�@�̐ϋɓI�֗^��K�肷��ƂƂ��,�\�͔ƍ߂�N��ޓ��Ȃǂ̑O�i�K�̍s�ׂ��,(3)��S�Ɛ��̔��Z��,�ł��.��̂悤�ȏ�ᐧ��̑_��,�n��Z��̖h�Ɗ��ւ̐ϋɓI�֗^�𑣂�,�n��Љ�̔ƍߗ}�~�@�\��񕜂��邱�Ƃɂ��.��,�n��Z��̖h�ƂɊւ��̓I�ȃj�[�Y�Ɋ�Â�,�n��Z��̎�̐��O��Ƃ��I�ȃv��Z�X��ʂ��Đ��,�W�J��Ȃ��,��Ȃ�.��,�u��S��v��@��Ƃ��h�Ɗ��ɂ�,�Z��g�ɂ�錠�͓I�Ȏ��_��̎��ȊĎ��Ƃ��X�N��ł��.��̂悤�ȃ��X�N��,�Սݐ��L��Ă��,�܂��̑��݂ɋC�Â��ɂ��Ƃ��Ӗ��Łu��X�N�Љ�v�ɓ��I�Ȃ��̂ƍl��.

Ueno,Kayoko 2006 Child Abuse in Risk Society : Hybrid Psychological/Actuarial Governmentality(Symposium,Risk Society and Crime). No.31 pp.22-37.

Language: JPN
Keywords: child abuse / risk / governmentality
��s�� / ��X�N / ��
Abstract: In his classic study of "From Dangerousness to Risk," Robert Castel has delineated that the disciplinary type of technology where there is excessive concern with individuals through correction or normalization of the deviant has been superseded by post-disciplinary actuarial risk technology where there is little concern with individuals with the focus being cast on aggregates or on the population. On the other hand it has also been pointed out by others that the actuarial coexists with the disciplinary technology. This paper illustrates how the two types interrelate with each other in the domain of Japanese child abuse prevention policies. Specifically, through the rise of social awareness on child abuse problems, psychological techniques such as counseling and behavioral therapies targeting moral and/or attitudinal change have emerged. At the same time, risk assessment technology has become dominant in contemporary child abuse prevention policies. In short, the policies are becoming psychological as well as actuarial. Implied from Hannah-Moffat's analysis on "hybrid moral/actuarial penalty," this paper will discuss the psychological/actuarial governmentality exemplified in Japanese child abuse prevention policies.
��X�N�Љ�̓��_�Œm��郍�x�[��E�J�X�e��̃|�X�g�K��̋c�_��,�ЂƂ�ЂƂ�̈�E�҂̋��␳�퉻��ړI�Ƃ��K��^��,�l��ΏۂƂ��ی��I�ȃ��X�N��ւ̈ڍs��Ă��.��,��ɂ̓��X�N�Љ�ɂ�,�ی��I�ȃ��X�N��łȂ�,�K��^��F�߂��Ƃ��w�E��Ȃ��Ă��.�{�e�ł�,��̗��^�C�v��X�N�Љ�̓��f��Ƃ��Ăǂ̂悤�Ɋ֘A��Ă��̂��,��{�̎��s�Җ�肩��݂Ă��.��̓I�ɂ�,1990�N�ォ�玙��s�Җ��ւ̊�@�ӎ��`��Ă��Ȃ��,�l�̓��ʂɏœ_��Ă�,�K��^�̃e�N�m��W�[�̌��I�`�Ԃł��S��Ö@�I�ȃA�v��[�`��,�ی��I�ȃ��X�N�A�Z�X��g�ɂ��s�Җh�~�̗��,��s�ґ΍�̂Ȃ��ŕs��Ȃ��̂Ƃ��Ĉʒu�Â��Ă��ߒ��T�ς��Ă��.��s�Җh�~�΍�,�S��Ɠ��ɕی��Ă��邱�Ƃ�,�P��[�E�n�i-��t�@�b�g�́u�n�C�u��b�h��E�ی��Y��v��玦��,�u�S��ƕی��̃n�C�u��b�h��v�Ƃ��čl�@��.

Konishi,Yoshihiro 2006 Crime as a New Risk : Principles of Crime Prevention and Precaution(Symposium,Risk Society and Crime). No.31 pp.38-51.

Language: JPN
Keywords: risk of crime / actuarial justice / principle of precaution
�ƍ߂̃��X�N / �ی��I�i�@ / �x��
Abstract: This paper examines two questions. First, at a time when welfare-states, which are basically actuarial in nature, are believed to be receding, why is actuarial justice gaining ground among criminal justice experts? Second, contrary to the reasonableness or the "smartness" of actuarialism, why is there a rapid spread of zero-tolerance policing, CCTV, "Megan's" law, and "Three-Strikes" laws, which all seem excessive compared with the actual risk of victimization? The author examines the concept of the "risk" of crime and contrasts it with "safety" and "danger", respectively. By so doing, crime can be conceptualized as a new risk in the late modern period, and it is apparent that the principle of crime control is based on precaution and not actuarial prevention.
�ƍ߂̃��X�N�Ƃ͉��ł��낤��.�Љ�͂��܂��܂ȃ��X�N�ɖ��Ă��Ƃ��F��L�܂�ɂ�,�ƍ߂��܂��̃��X�N�̈�Ƃ��čl��悤�ɂȂ��.��̂��Ƃ͔ƍߓ��߂��鍡�܂ł̍l��ɂǂ̂悤�ȉe��炵��̂�.�{�e�͔ƍ߂̃��X�N�Ƃ��T�O�̐��Ƃ��,��̓�̖��̌��݂��̂ł��.(1)��̖{��ɂ��ĕی��I�ł��Ƃ̌�ނƂƂ��,�ƍߓ��̐��I�v�l�ł͕ی��I�i�@�Ɋ֐S��񂹂��悤�ɂȂ��,��͉��̂�.(2)�ی��I�i�@�̍��ɑ΂��,�ƍߓ��̎��ۂ̓W�J�ɂ͉ߏ�Ȉ�ۂ��󂯂�̂͂ǂ̂悤�ȗ��R��炾�낤��.�p�Ăɂ��ߔN�̔ƍߓ��̓��T�ς��,�{�e�ł�,��X�N�T�O��u��S�v�Ɓu�댯�v�̓�̑Δ�ɒu��čl�@��.��̂Ȃ��Ŕƍ߂̃��X�N��,�ƍߓ��Ɂu�x��v�Ƃ��V��Ȍ��̂ł��邱�Ƃ��.

Williams,Andy 2006 Paedophiles, Panics, and Protests : Understanding Penal Populism(Symposium,Risk Society and Crime). No.31 pp.52-73.

Language: ENG
Keywords: Paulsgrove / sex offenders / criminal justice policy
�|�[��Y�O��[�u / ��ƍߎ� / �Y��i�@��
Abstract: In recent years the criminal justice response to sex offenders in the United Kingdom has become progressively punitive, with extended sentences and increased supervision and surveillance upon release from prison. As well as raising a number of issues regarding the human rights of such offenders, it has been argued that this 'upward spiral of punitiveness' (Nash, 2006:105) has been fuelled by media induced moral panics, which have generated fear and concern within the general public, thereby offering justification for such draconian legislative developments. Using moral panics and moral enterprise as a theoretical framework, this analysis will review such legislative changes by examining the demonstrations against a child sex offender in Paulsgrove, Portsmouth, and the various issues that connect media reporting of child sex offenders, the public reactions to such offenders, and how the criminal justice system has responded to such fears. It will be argued that those studies that utilise moral panics as a framework of analysis are inherently flawed as they largely ignore moral enterprise, which produces a symbiotic link between media, social control agencies, moral entrepreneurs and interest groups in the creation of primary frameworks that define the 'reality of crime' and aid the construction of criminal justice policy.
�ߔN,�C�M��X�ɂ��鐫�ƍߎ҂ւ̌Y��i�@�̑Ή��,�}��ɏ��̓x��,�Y��S�ւ̒��,��̎ߕ��̊ē�Ď��̋��i��ł��.��̂悤�Ȕƍߎ҂̐l��Ɋւ��đ��̖�肪��N��,��́u��̏��ւ̗��^��v(Nash 2006:105)��,��ʑ�O�ɕs��⌜�O�𐶂��,��I�ȗ��@�̓W�J�𐳓��,��f�B�A�R��̃��E�p�j�b�N�ɐ��ꂽ��̂ł��Ƃ��_��.�{�e�̕��͂ł�,��E�p�j�b�N�ƃ��Ƃ̃R��Z�v�g�𗝘_�I�ȃt��[��[�N�Ƃ��ėp��,��@�I�ȕω��T��邽��,�|�[�c�}�X�̃|�[��Y�O��[�u�ɂ��鏬��ƍߎ҂ɑ΂��f��肠��,��ƍߎ҂Ɋւ��郁�f�B�A�̕񓹂��O�̔��,��ɂ�,�Y��i�@�V�X�e��̕s��̕\�o�ɂ��ɑΉ��Ƃ��,��݂ɘA�ւ��邳�܂��܂Ȗ��.��Ƃ�,�u�ƍ߂̌��v��`��,�Y��i�@��̌`��,��{�I�ȃt��[��[�N�̑n�o�ɂ��,��f�B�A,�Љ��@��,��Ɖ�,��v�W�c�̊Ԃ̃V��{��b�N�ȃ��N�𐶐��.�{�e��,��E�p�j�b�N�𕪐͂̃t��[��[�N�Ƃ��ėp��鏔��̑��,��̃��Ƃ̃R��Z�v�g�𖳎��邱�Ƃ��炭��,�{��I�Ȍ��ׂ�L��̂ł��邱�Ƃ��咣��.

Ito,Koichiro 2006 Between the Rational and the Emotional : Punitiveness in the Risk Society(Symposium,Risk Society and Crime). No.31 pp.74-85.

Language: JPN
Keywords: risk society / punitiveness / governmentality
��X�N�Љ� / ��` / ��
Abstract: Both the movements towards risk managements and punitiveness have become co-exist even in the Japanese policies of crime control, where a myth of the characterization of the country as most safe-and-secure place in advanced countries had once dominated. This article attempts to examine why this convergence of risk managements and punitiveness happens and what changes will be made in near future. Punitiveness in the risk society is explained by changing power relations between professionalism and populism and the competition and complementation of powers in a triangle of sovereignty, discipline and government. In conclusion, discussed is a question, what we should do to resist the emergence of the exclusive society that this convergence might lead.
��X�N�Љ�ƌ��Ƃ��,�{��,��̓��ɐi�s��鎖�Ԃ�,��,�󋵓I�ɐ�s��p�Ă݂̂Ȃ炸,��{�ɂ��Ă��܂�,�o��Ă��.��̖��铮��̌��,��Ȃ闝�R�ɂ�萶��Ă��̂�,�܂�,��̌��,��Љ�̔ƍߓ��,��Ȃ��ɕω��悤�Ƃ��Ă��̂�.�{�e�ɂ��Ă�,��̉𖾂̂��߂�,�܂�,(1)��X�N�Љ�ƌ��̌��ɂ��閵��E��,(2)��҂̌��ɂ��,��Ɍ��̗��R�Ƃ��Ă��u�|�s��Y��v�̏o��,�΍R��u�v��t�F�b�V��i��Y��v�̊֌W��ʒu�t��,(3)��̌��̍��ɂ��,�@�I�ȓ��,�K��I�ȓ��,�ی��I�ȓ��Ƃ��ƍߓ��̎O��̌^��,��_�ɂ��鋣��Ɛڍ��̕��w�I�ȓW�J��͂�,(4)��ʂƂ��,��ɐ��݂��\��Ƃ��Ă�,�r��Љ�̓��ɑ΂��,��Ȃ�藧�Ă��肤��̂��.��̉𖾂ɂ��Ă�,�ȏ�̘_�_��߂��,�p�Ă̔ƍߊw�̐�s�I�Ș_�c�𐮗��,��H�ւ̕��Ă䂭��Ƃ��S�ƂȂ邪,��̍�Ƃ�ʂ�,��,��{�ɂ��Ă��\��Ƃ��Đ��,�r��Љ�̓��ɒ�R��,�_�c�̑f�ނ�񋟂��.

Honda,Koji 2006 The Study of Risk Society Theory on Drug Problems : Focus on the Power Structure in Harm-Reduction Policy. No.31 pp.88-100.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Harm-reduction policy / power / risk society
�n�[��E��_�N�V�� / �� / ��X�N�Љ�
Abstract: An unfamiliar drug policy known as "harm-reduction" has gained prominence among some European countries. This policy was developed in response to the HIV-virus epidemic in the 1980's. Under the harm-reduction policy, drug-abstinence is not regarded as an absolute requirement for the treatment of drug addicts. This new approach is designed, instead, to protect public order and safety, and the user's health from secondary harm collateral to drug use. The approach is characterized as a low-threshold treatment program. Low-threshold treatment consists of "needle exchange programs," "heroin prescription," "supervised injection sites," etc. The author investigates some potential technologies which have decisive effects on the practice of low-threshold treatment. The paper addresses "enumeration" and "space" as technologies. "Enumeration" is a technology which converts individual drug users to statistically manipulated collective variables. "Space" is a technology which does not enforce strict regulation on "drugs" or "drug-users" severally, but rather exercises control over various factors, including "drugs" and "drug-users," at the point where they converge. This paper undertakes to clarify the mechanism of harm-reduction policy through understanding these technologies.
�n�[��E��_�N�V��ƌĂ΂��h��b�O��,��̈ꕔ�̍��X�ɂ��ēW�J��Ă��.��̐��ł̓h��b�O�g�p�҂̓E��⌟��`�I�Ƃ��,��Öʂɂ��Ă��h��b�O�g�p�҂ɒf��Ȃ�.��Y��ł�,��O�q��Љ�,�o�ςɋy�ڂ��Q��u��X�N�v�Ƃ��ۓI�ȕϐ��Ƃ��Ĉ��Ƃ��`�I�ȉۑ�ƂȂ�.�{�e�ł�,��X�N�Љ�_�̗��ꂩ�瓖�Y��؂��.��Œ��ڂ��̂�,�u��グ�v�Ɓu��ԁv�Ƃ��̃e�N�m��W�[�ł��.�u��グ�v�Ƃ�,�S�̓I�ȃh��b�O�g�p�҂̒��u��X�N�v�O��[�v��o��,�v��X�y�N�e�B�u�ɉ��e�N�m��W�[�ł��.�u��ԁv�Ƃ́u�h��b�O�v��u�h��b�O�g�p�ҁv�ɒ��ڊւ��̂ł͂Ȃ�,��́u��X�N�v��݂ɐ܂�d�Ȃ�n�_�ɉ��W�񂷂�e�N�m��W�[�ł��.�n�[��E��_�N�V��Ƃ�,��̓�̃e�N�m��W�[�̘A��\��錠�͍\��ɂ��Đ��藧��Ă��ƍl��.

Matsumoto,Yoshio 2006 Demographic Change and Crime in Japan : 1950-2000. No.31 pp.101-115.

Language: JPN
Keywords: age-structure of the population / commitment score of the crime in each age-group / "Social Change Map"
�l��̔N��\�� / �N��w�ʔƍs��^�x / <�Љ�Ԓn�}>
Abstract: The demographics of Japan are changing rapidly as a result of low birth rates and an aging population ("shoshi-koreika"). This paper investigates the relationship between the age-structure of the population and the crime situation in the second half of the 20^ Century. Six categories of crime (homicide, burglary, injury, rape, theft, and fraud) are analyzed in six age groups (10-19, 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and over 60 years of age) over six periods of time (1950, 1960, 1970, 1990, and 2000) by (A) arrest rates, and (B) commitment scores ("C-score"). (A)The rates of arrest for each crime are expressed in a "Social Change Map" along an "age" axis and a "time period" axis. (B) Changes in the C-score for each age group (= percentage of arrests of the age group for total arrests/the percentage of the age group in the total population) are expressed in a line graph. The following results were obtained: 1) In 1950-60, the C-score of 20 year olds reached a high level in most types of criminal activity. 2) After 1970, the C-score of 10-19 year olds rose, especially with respect to injury and theft. After 1990, the C-score of those in the 10-19 age group rose, especially with respect to burglary. 3) Recently, the C-score of middle-aged and older individuals (over 60) have risen slightly, but remained low, with respect to homicide, burglary, injury, and theft.
��{�̐l��,��q�E���Ɍ��ċ}��ɕω��Ă��.�{�_��20��I�㔼��ɂ��{�l��̔N��\��Ɣƍߏ�Ƃ̊֘A�ɂ��Č��̂ł��.6�̍ߎ�(�E�l,��,��Q,��,�ޓ��э��\)�Ɋւ��,6�̔N��w(10��E20��E30��E40��E50��E60�Έȏ�),6�̔N��(1950,60,70,80,90,2000�N)��(A)�팟��ҏo��(B)��^�x(C�X�R�A)��͂��ꂽ.(A)�e�ߎ�̔팟��ҏo��,�N��E��㎲�ō\��ꂽ�u�Љ�ϓ��n�}�v�ŕ\��.(B)�e�N��w�̔ƍs��^�x(��Y�N��w�̔팟��҂̍\��/��Y�N��w�̐l��)��,�ܐ��O��t�ŕ\��.�ȉ��̌��ʂ��ꂽ.1)1950�E60�N�ɂ�,20��C�X�R�A��,�قƂ�ǂ̍ߎ�ɂ��č��ł��.2)1970�N�ȍ~,10��C�X�R�A��ɏ��Q,�ޓ��ŏ㏸��,90�N�ȍ~�͋��C�X�R�A��㏸��.3)�ߔN,��E��N��w��C�X�R�A��,�E�l,��,��Q��ѐޓ��,�킸��Ȃ��㏸��Ă��.

Okabe,Takeshi / Harada,Yutaka 2006 A Study of Delinquent Careers in the 1986 Birth Cohort : An Analysis of Official Records of Police Contacts in Q Prefecture. No.31 pp.118-133.

Language: JPN
Keywords: delinquent careers / cumulative participation rates / escalation
��s�o�� / �ݐώ��җ� / ��s�̃G�X�J��[�V��
Abstract: This paper examines delinquent careers in the 1986 birth cohort in Japan by analyzing the official records of police contacts with juveniles in Q Prefecture, which has a number of big cities. Records for members of the 1978 birth cohort in Q Prefecture are also used, in part, so that the two cohorts can be compared. The main findings are as follows: 1. The cumulative participation rates of police contacts with juveniles were estimated based on the prefectural population census. The estimate of the cumulative participation rates by age 16 is 10.1% for boys and 4.1% for girls, respectively. That estimate is not higher than the corresponding figures for the 1978 birth cohort for boys. For bicycle theft, the rate of the 1986 birth cohort is 4.7% for boys and 2.1% for girls, respectively. 2. The peak annual participation rate for the 1986 birth cohort is at age 15. 3. The mean number of arrests up to age 16 is 1.5 for boys and 1.3 for girls, respectively. The peak for repeat offenses is at age 15. 4. The recidivism rate (as to the same kind of charge) of all first time arrestees, whose follow-up period is 48 weeks, is 6.0% for boys. The recidivism rates are relatively higher for violent offenses and motorcycle theft. 5. The tendency to specialize in offense types on successive arrests is established for violent offenses, etc. The escalation in offense type is observed.
��s�s��i��Q��̔�s�L�^��p��,1986�N��܂�R�z�[�g�̔�s�o��̕��͂��s��,�ȉ��̂悤�Ȓm��ꂽ.(1)16�Ύ��_�̗ݐώ��җ��,�j�q��10%,��q��4%�ł��,�j�q�ł�78�N�R�z�[�g�ɔ�ׂĔ�s�̐��삪�L��Ă��Ƃ͂��Ȃ��,��q�ł͔�s�̐��삪�L��Ă��Ǝv��.�ߎ�ʂɂ݂��,��]�ԓ��E��L��E��̂̎��Ґ��.(2)�N��ʂ̎��Ґ��ł݂��,�s�[�N�͒j��Ƃ�15�΂ł��.(3)��񐔂̕��ς�,�j�q��1.5��,��q��1.3��ł��.�j��Ƃ�,�J��Ԃ��̉񐔂��s�[�N�ɒB��̂�15�΂ł��.(4)��̌��48�T�ȓ��ɍČ��̂�,�ĔƎ��̍ߎ��l��Ȃ��ꍇ,20%��,��ߎ�ł̍Č��6%��x�ł��.��ƁE�d�\�Ƃ�I�[�g�o�C��ōĔƗ��.(5)�ߎ�̓��X��,��ƁE�e�\�ƂŒj��Ƃ��ɔ�r�I��,�I�[�g�o�C��͏��q�ō��.�܂�,�戫�ƁE�e�\�Ƃ̑S�̂ɐ�߂銄��ł݂邩��,��s�̉񎟂��i�ނɂ��,�l��Ŕ�s�̐[��N��Ă��Ɛ��肳��.

Saito,Minoru 2006 Measures regarding Sex Crime in Finland : Revision of the Criminal Law and Treatment of Sex Offenders. No.31 pp.134-147.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Sex crime measures in Finland / revision of the criminal law / sex offender
�t�B��h�ɂ��鐫�ƍߑ΍� / �Y�@�� / ��ƍߎ�Y�ҏ��
Abstract: Recently, there has been a rash of sex crimes against juvenile girls in Japan and it has developed into a serious social issue. This has led to increased debate concerning measures for combating sex crime. One of the most important issues in the sex crime debate is how to deal effectively with sex offenders and to prevent further offenses. In this regard, awareness of measures taken in foreign countries seems an indispensable element in the effective prevention of sex offenses in Japan. In this paper, measures taken against sex crime taken in Scandinavian countries, particularly in Finland, are introduced. Although Finland does not have a long history of sex crime, it is said that lately an active anti-sex crime policy in Finland produced a positive effect, to some degree, in reducing the number of sex crimes. In particular, amendment of the criminal law and the treatment of sex offenders are the two most important measures in Finland. In the following paper, Finnish measures are examined in detail to determine whether they can be introduced in Japan.
�킪��ɂ��,�c��_��ƍ߂��ŋN��,�Љ�ɐ[��Ȗ��𓊂��Ă��.��̂��,�₩��,��ƍߑ΍�̂��ɂ��Ă̋c�_��Ȃ��Ă��邪,��,�c�_�̒��S��1��,��Ɍ��ʓI�Ȑ��ƍߎҏ��s��,�ĔƂ�h�~��邩�Ƃ��_�ɂ��.�ĔƖh�~�̂��߂�,��O��̐��ƍߑ΍�̏󋵂�m�邱�Ƃ�,�킪��Ō��ʓI�Ȑ��ƍߎґ΍��邽�߂ɕs��̗v�f�ł��낤.�{�e�ł�,��O��̒��ł�,��܂ł��܂�Љ��邱�Ƃ̂Ȃ��,�t�B��h�̐��ƍߑ΍�ɂ��ďЉ�Ă��.�t�B��h�ɂ��ϋɓI�Ȑ��ƍߑ΍�̗��j�͌Â��͂Ȃ��̂�,�ߔN��̌��ʂ��Ă��Ƃ��.�t�B��h�ł�,��̓I�Ȑ��ƍߑ΍�Ƃ��,�Y�@��Ɛ��ƍߎҏ��𐫔ƍߑ΍�̓�{��Ƃ��Ă��.��,�{�e�ł�,�t�B��h�̐��ƍߑ΍��Љ,��̂킪��̓��̉\��.

Masaki,Yushi 2006 Statutory Reconsideration of Revised Juvenile Law and Juvenile Justice Study(Research Trends). No.31 pp.148-152.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Ishizuka,Shinichi 2006 Recent Trends on Capital Punishment : The Evidence-based Death Penalty Policy?(Research Trends). No.31 pp.153-158.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Tanioka,Ichiro 2007 Introduction(The Trend of Crime and Delinquency-Changes in Quantity and Quality in Contemporary Japan-). No.32 pp.4-7.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Hamai,Koichi 2007 Using Victim Surveys to measure the Crime Rate in Japan : Validity, Reliability and Low Response Rates(The Trend of Crime and Delinquency-Changes in Quantity and Quality in Contemporary Japan-). No.32 pp.8-26.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Crime Victimization Survey / Response Rate / Validity and Reliability
�ƍߔ�Q�� / �� / �Ó��E�M��
Abstract: Japan has enjoyed a reputation for being one of the most crime-free economically advanced countries. However, since the late 1990s, in light of the constantly increasing crime rate and falling clearance rate in police statistics, it appears that the Japanese public has lost confidence in its safety, and in the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. A 2004 survey of public attitudes showed that 40% of the public believed that crime was getting worse compared to only 19% in 1998. The discourse regarding deteriorating safety in Japan has always been supported by official police crime statistics. However, it is important to ask whether these statistics paint an accurate picture of the crime situation in contemporary Japan? In other words, what do police crime statistics actually measure? Police crime statistics are based on the number of offences reported to, and recorded by, the police. This means that crime statistics can be influenced by changes in police policy. It also means that there is always an unknown factor of unreported, and unrecorded, crime. Therefore, many advanced countries like the USA and the UK have used another measurement of crime for many years, namely, the crime victimization survey. While Japan has not yet developed its own formal crime victimization survey, it has participated in International Crime Victim Surveys (ICVS) in 2000 and 2004 to measure crime victimization rates more accurately. There is, however, a new threat to obtaining responses to any type of social survey in Japan, due to the provisions of the new Law for the Protection of Private Information, which came into force in 2005. The Japanese public is now more cautious about disclosing personal data. The paper examines the validity and reliability of a victimization survey that produced relatively low response rates. The author conducted this victimization survey in 2006, with the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under the Grants-in-Aid program. A survey questionnaire, based on ICVS as well as the British Crime Survey instruments, was drafted and piloted in 2006, with a random national sample of 2,000. The overall response rate was 60.4%. However, the sample was divided into two groups and each group's responses were collected using different methods. For one group, face-to-face interviews were used, while for the other pick-up-and-leave questionnaires were employed. The response rate for the face-to-face interviews was 53.1%, but much higher at 67.7% for the pick-up-and-leave questionnaires. Overall, the author found that, in comparing the results of the 2006 survey with the ICVS in 2000 and 2004, victimization rates in Japan have been stable between 2000 and 2006.
�ߎ�,��{�ł�,��ƍ߂̑��Ȃǎ��̈��傫�ȎЉ��Ƃ��Ď��グ��Ă��.�}�X�R�~��,��ƍ߂��N��邽�т�,�F�m��⌟��Ƃ��x�@��v��グ�Ċ�@��̂点��.��,�F�m��,�ƍߎw�W�̈�ł͂��邪,�x�@�Ɏ��͂��,�x�@��ƍ߂Ƃ��ĔF�m��̂��v�サ��s��@�ւ̎󗝓��v�ł��,�ƍߔ��̂܂ܔ��f��̂ł͂Ȃ�.�{�e�ł�,�ŏ��ɔƍߔ�Q��̓��T�ς��,�M�҂��16�N�x�̉Ȋw��⏕��(��Ռ��B�u��E�ƍߑ΍�̉Ȋw�I��ƂȂ�ƍߓ��v(��{�Ŕƍߔ�Q��)�̊J��v)�̌�t��󂯂�2006�N�Ɏ��{��ƍߔ�Q��̌��ʂ�񍐂��.�܂�,�ƍߔ�Q��ɂ��ĉߋ��ɍs��ꂽICVS�̌��ʓ��Ƃ��r��,�ƍߔ�Q��猩��{�̔ƍߏ�ɂ��ĕ񍐂�,��,�ƍߔ�Q��̑Ó��E�M��m�F��Ӗ��,��@�ɂ��E�񓚃p�^�[��̕ω�,�X�ɂ͉��ቺ��邱�Ƃɂ�钲��ʂւ̉e��ɏœ_�𓖂Ă��񍐂��s��.�{�ƍߔ�Q��ł�,��Ώێ�(�T��v��)��̃O��[�v�ɕ��,��̃O��[�v�ɂ��Ă�,�]��{�̐��_��ł悭�p��Ă��K��ʐڕ��ɂ��Ē��{��,��̃O��[�v�ɂ��Ă͖K�◯�u��ɂ��Ē��{��.��,�ߎ�,�l��ɑ΂��鍑��̈ӎ��̍��܂蓙�ɂ��,��_��E�Љ��̎��{��,��̉񓚗��ቺ��Ƃɉ��,��{�ɑ΂��債��錻��𓥂܂�,��@�ɂ��ւ̉e��𒲂ׂ邽�߂̂��̂ł��.��,��̒ቺ��̐M��ɂǂ̂悤�ȉe��^��̂��邽��,��񓚎҂ɑ΂��,��⍀�ڂ��i��ȈՎ��⎆��X�ւő��t��ǐ�(��)��{��,��̌��ʂ�K�⒲��̌��ʂƔ�r��.

Harada,Yutaka 2007 A Trajectory Analysis of Residential Burglaries Known to the Police in the Central 23 Wards of Tokyo : An Examination with Semiparametric Mixed Poisson Models(The Trend of Crime and Delinquency-Changes in Quantity and Quality in Contemporary Japan-). No.32 pp.27-44.

Language: JPN
Keywords: geographic crime analysis / trajectory analysis / residential burglary
�n��I�ƍߕ�� / �O�Օ�� / ��
Abstract: This study examines trajectories of the geographic distribution of residential burglaries in the central 23 Wards of Tokyo over 10-year period from 1996 to 2005, using semiparametric mixed Poisson models. The data consist of official records of criminal incidents of residential burglaries while residents were out ("AKISU") known to the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department. These incident records were address-geocoded and mapped onto a digital map and then aggregated into a offense-count dataset by each of the 3,133 CHO-CHO-MOKUs. A SAS procedure for trajectory analysis, Proc Traj, was applied to this dataset, assuming Zero-Inflated Poisson distributions of the dependent variables and quadratic forms of the baseline trajectories. The main findings are as follows : 1. Sixteen groups of trajectories are identified, based on stepwise comparisons of model fitness using the BIC (Bayesian Information Criteria). 2. A majority of these 16 trajectory groups show reverse-U-shaped curves with peaks around the year 2001. However, a few trajectory groups show different shapes, such as slowly increasing or decreasing trajectories over the 1O-year period. 3. Three trajectory groups show particularly high peak levels of offending and strong reverse-U shapes of trajectories. It appears that these trajectories reflect the sharp increase and decrease of offenses with a new type of modus operandi called lock pickings, as well as the impact of crime prevention efforts that took place in these areas in response to the increasing. crime rates. 4. Two of the 16 trajectory groups show slowly increasing offense trajectories over the 10-year period. The CHO-CHO-MOKUs with these trajectories appear to be spatially clustered with one another. These results suggest that future offense trends in these areas should be monitored closely for possible emergence of high crime-risk areas.
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Okabe,Takeshi 2007 The Longitudinal Patterns of Offending among Japanese Boys : A Comparison of Two Birth Cohorts(The Trend of Crime and Delinquency-Changes in Quantity and Quality in Contemporary Japan-). No.32 pp.45-59.

Language: JPN
Keywords: delinquent careers / trajectory analysis of crime / age and crime
��s�o�� / �ƍ߂̋O�Օ�� / �N��Ɣƍ�
Abstract: This paper examines the longitudinal patterns of offending among Japanese boys by analyzing the official records of police contacts with juveniles in Q Prefecture. Records for members of the 1978 and 1986 birth cohorts are used so that the two cohorts can be compared. Semi-parametric mixture Poisson regression modeling is used to identify distinctive groups of individual offending trajectories. The main findings are as follows : 1. Three offending trajectories are identified for both of the birth cohorts-no offenders, low-level offenders, and high level offenders. 2. The peak offending rate for the 1978 birth cohorts is at age 14. The rate for the 1986 birth cohorts is at age 15. 3. Compared to low-level offenders, high-level offenders have the first police contact earlier. They also have a higher possibility of committing violent offenses.
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Takahashi,Masahito 2007 The Gray Scale of 'Bad' : An Introduction to the Classification Approach to Moral Socialization(The Trend of Crime and Delinquency-Changes in Quantity and Quality in Contemporary Japan-). No.32 pp.60-75.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Moral Socialization / Classification Approach / Gray Scale of 'Bad'
��I�Љ / �މ��A�v��[�` / <��>�̃O��[�X�P�[��
Abstract: Adolescents often show non-conformity to some norms in a questionnaire survey. However, this phenomenon does not mean moral regression or a crisis in education; it merely reflects their advanced competence at classification norms. Adolescents can emphasize and express their classification and order of norms with a 'high intense gray scale.' In this paper, we introduce the classification approach to moral socialization. The classification approach focuses on the human act of continually classifying norms, which is originally based on L. Kohlberg's cognitive developmental approach and A. L. Strauss's symbolic interactionism. Moral socialization during adolescence is a process of reorganization of morality from prohibitions passively learned in childhood to norms classified and ordered actively through growing social experience. A longitudinal analysis of the concept of delinquency as expressed by adolescents in Yamaguchi Prefecture (1992-2004) clearly shows the steps of classification and elaboration of norm modules. The naive dualism of delinquency has been gradually replaced by a complex of six norm modules. Adolescents classified norms of 1) consumption and love, 2) sexuality, 3) discipline, 4) smoking and drinking, and, 5) cheating and shoplifting, and distinguished them from 6) 'true delinquency' consisting of beating up others, blackmailing, using drugs, and illegal prostitution. These steps of classification and elaboration could be rank-ordered on a Guttman one-dimensional scale (coefficient of reproducibility=.96). Further analysis showed the historical changes in classification norm modules. The norm modules of smoking and sexuality were dissolved, and a new module of unsanitary, including smoking and using drugs, was generated.
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Tanioka,Ichiro 2007 Guideline for Measuring Quality and Quantity of Crime & Delinquency : The Necessity of "Sentencing Guideline" for the New Jury-System in Japan(The Trend of Crime and Delinquency-Changes in Quantity and Quality in Contemporary Japan-). No.32 pp.76-86.

Language: JPN
Keywords: severity of crime / sentencing guideline / certainty of punishment
�� / �ʌY�� / �Y��̊m��
Abstract: By 2010, new Jury-System will start in Japan; similar system to the one in the US. By now, the decisions (severities) of punishment level were to be decided by professional judges. And the decisions are adjusted by the professional touch of prescription, which may be based on unwritten factors such as "admitting the act, " regretting, " "living environment, " etc, and their weight. A concrete and objective criteria or guideline for measuring the severity of crimes, therefore, is necessary for juries in the near future who would be non-professional in crime and punishment. In Japan, it has taken place certain change/adjustment of justice system recently, especially toward increasing severity, or so to speak toward "tough on crime". Several new crimes were defined and the highest punishments for certain crimes were heightened. Yet, as many scholars argue, "certainty" of punishment may lead people to refrain from crimes rather than just increasing (or grade up) the punishment. This paper also argues what should be the meaning of "tough on crime" along with the purpose of justice system and penological point of view. Japanese Penal Code was made in early Meiji era. Many unexpected conducts are to be defined as crime since then. The Penal Code became somewhat outdated and can not responding well to many anti-social behaviors; at least people feel that way. It should be the time to discuss justice system over all, the author believes. Hoping this note will be the start point of further reforms of justice system in Japan.
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YUMA,Yoshikazu Suzuki,Nodoka 2007 The Effect of Unemployment on the Re-incarceration of Japanese Prisoners : Testing Canter and Land's Theory with Pooled Time-Series Analysis. No.32 pp.88-103.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Re-incarceration Rate / Unemployment Rate / Pooled Time-Series Analysis
�ē�� / ��Ɨ� / pooled time-series analysis
Abstract: In this paper, we examined the effect of unemployment rates on re-incarceration rates of prisoners, based on Canter and Land's (1985) theory distinguishing between opportunity and motivation effects. We used pooled time-series analyses with the data of re-incarceration rates of Japanese prisoners released from 1960 to 2004. After controlling cohort and year effects, we found that, for non-parolees, unemployment rates had a significant and decreasing-opportunity-effect on re-incarceration rates and that the first difference of unemployment rates had a significant and increasing-motivation-effect. These were consistent with the theory. However, we found no significant effects for parolees.
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Akahane,Yukio 2007 Medicalization and Punishment of Juvenile Delinquency : Re-considering "Children and Medicalization". No.32 pp.104-118.

Language: JPN
Keywords: children and medicalization / punishment / "the fourth wave" of juvenile delinquency after the World War II
�q��ƈ�É� / �� / ��N��s�̐��u��l�̔g�v
Abstract: Theories of juvenile delinquency, which is said to be "the fourth wave" of juvenile delinquency in the post-war era, have been increasing in the fields of psychology and psychiatry. The general tendency is to interpret juvenile delinquency in medical terms. According to the "medicalization theory" of deviant behavior by Conrad and Schneider (1992=2003), medicalization is in conflict with the punishment theory. Both medical treatment and punishment theories co-exist as counter-measures to juvenile delinquency. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine why these two approaches co-exist from the standpoint and approach of social constructionism. First, the author modifies the premise of medicalization theory regarding the deviant behavior of children by re-considering the medicalization theory of Conrad and Schneider. Second, the author analyzes the process of medicalization in "the fourth wave" of juvenile delinquency, and presents the view of juvenile delinquency behind medicalization. Finally, the author considers the relationship between medicalization and punishment, and illustrates why the co-existence of medicalization and punishment approaches occurs.
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Yamamoto,Nao 2007 The Utopia of 'Safety' and 'Security' : The Case of Regulatory Policy in the Kyoto City. No.32 pp.120-133.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Broken Windows Theory / Governmentality / Gion Kiyamachi Special Police Squad
��ꑋ��_ / �� / �_��E�؉��ʌx�@��
Abstract: Up until now, G. Kelling's "Broken Windows Theory" has exerted a constant influence on law enforcement measures in Japan and abroad, but the pros and cons of the book's strongly communitarian aspects have become the subject of many debates. However it can be said that in the area of policy making and in the mass media "Broken Windows Theory" has been positively received as a cure for the "deterioration of public safety, " despite these debates. This study looks of the Gion/Kiyamachi Special Police Squad experiment in Kyoto as an example of a regulatory policy based on "Broken Windows Theory" and by the addition of qualitative analysis examine the problem of what standpoint "disorder" is defined from as designated in the squad's undertakings. The first aim of this survey is to ascertain the position of the constituents demanding "safety and security" in the Kyoto undertaking, and determine what constitutes "disorders" that are being held up for special attention. Secondly, it aims to determine how the bartenders and other people working in the neighborhood perceive this law enforcement measure. By considering these two points, the theoretical problems of "Broken Windows Theory" will be presented.
G�E�P��O��́u��ꑋ��_�v��,��܂ō��O�̌x�@��ɑ΂��̉e��͂𔭊��Ă��,��Ɍ��R�~��j�^��A��I�F�ʂ̋��,�^�ۂ��鑽��̋c�_�̓I�Ƃ��Ȃ��Ă��.��,��c�_�Ƃ͗��,��􌈒�̌��}�X��f�B�A�ɂ��Ă�,�قƂ�ǂ̏ꍇ,�u��̈��v�ɑ΂��Ƃ��čm��I�ɕ]��Ă��ƌ��Ă悢.�{�e�ł�,�u��ꑋ��_�v�Ɋ�Â��萭��̎��Ƃ��,��s�s�ɂ��u�_��E�؉��ʌx�@��v�̎��݂��グ,��I�ȕ��͂��邱�Ƃɂ��,��ł̎��g�݂��w��u��v��ǂ̂悤�ȗ��ꂩ��߂��Ă��̂��Ƃ��.��̒��Ə��Ƃ��,(1)��s�s�̎��g�݂�,�u��S�E��S�v��󋁂��̂͂ǂ̈ʊT�ɍ݂�̂�,��ĉ��u��v�Ƃ��ĕ��̊O��Ɉ��o��Ă��̂�.(2)�o�[�e��_�[�ȂǊX�œ��l�X��,��̌x�@��ǂ̂悤�ɑ��Ă��邩,�̓�_�ł��,��̍l�@��ʂ��,�u��ꑋ��_�v��_�I�Ȗ��_��`�ʂ��.

Ueda,Mitsuaki 2007 On the Recent Theoretical Development and Debate regarding Control Theory in Criminology. No.32 pp.134-145.

Language: JPN
Keywords: Control Theory / Self-Control / Social Bond
�R��g��[��_ / �Z��t�R��g��[��(SC) / �{��h(�Љ�I�J)
Abstract: Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990), known as self-control (SC) theory, has generated an impressive amount of theoretical and empirical research since its publication and has received a great deal of in the field of criminology. The theory is composed of four basic assumptions. First, SC is a major factor in various deviant acts, including criminal acts (core assumption). Second, the relationship is invariable across race, gender and culture (invariance assumption). Third, the level of SC is determined in early childhood by discipline in family or school settings (creation assumption). Fourth, it is stable over the life course (stability assumption). Recent studies on control theory have been conducted on these four basic assumptions, and the theory has generated debate as well as many empirical studies. This article overviews the theoretical development and related debate and explores the solution of the problems that may occur in the related empirical studies.
�ŋ߂̔ƍߊw�ɂ��Ē��ڂ��W�߂Ă��咣�̈�ɃS�b�g�t��b�h�\��ƃn�[�V�ɂ��w�ƍ߂Ɋւ��ʗ��_�x(General Theory of Crime)��.�Z��t�R��g��[��(SC)�Ƃ��l�I�v��L�[�T�O�Ƃ��邱�̗��_��,�ƍߊw�ɂ��R��g��[��_�̍ŐV�̎咣�Ƃ��ĈʍÂÂ��,SC�̒��x��l�X�Ȉ�E�s�ׂ̔��Ɋ֗^��Ƃ��咣,��̊֌W��͐l��E��ʁE��𒴂��ēK�p��Ƃ��咣,SC�̒��x�͉ƒ��w�Z�Ȃǂ̂��ɂ��ėc��Ɍ��肳��Ƃ��咣,��̒t�x�͈ꐶ�ɂ킽��ĕs�ςł��Ƃ��咣�̎l��\��Ă��.�R��g��[��_�̍ŋ߂̓W�J�͂��̎咣�ɉ��čs��Ă��,��̎��،��Ɠ��ɗl�X�Ș_��܂Ő��ݏo��Ă��.��,�{�e��,�ƍߊw�ɂ��R��g��[��_�̂��̂悤�ȓW�J��T�ρE��邱�Ƃɂ��,�R��g��[��_�̎咣��ؓI�ɉ𖾂��錤��s��ɂ��Ă̘_�_�𐮗��,��̌��̕��𖾂炩�ɂ��邱�Ƃ��̖ړI�Ƃ��.

Sarnecki,Jerzy Tsutomi,Hiroshi 2007 Stockholm Prize in Criminology(Research Trends). No.32 pp.146-150.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract

Ayukawa,Jun 2007 Recent Trends in the Study of Juvenile Delinquency(Research Trends). No.32 pp.151-157.

Language: JPN
Keywords
Abstract